United States in the Views of Adam Smith and Karl Marx Essay Sample free essay sample

Presentation The point is to examine the United States political and financial framework in the purpose of position of two remarkable monetary personalities. Adam Smith and Karl Marx. The two hypotheses will be utilized to inquire about the monetary judgments of the United States talking scarceness. partners and their effect on financial judgments. creation and the use of gainful assets. Adam Smith-Biography Adam Smith. appeared in Figure 1. was conceived in Kirkadly. Scotland in the twelvemonth of 1723. He moved on from the University of Glasgow at 17 years old and his directions and distributions turned out to be acceptable known. While going all through Europe. he met numerous pioneers known as physiocrats. whose convictions affected Smith. Adam was against the monetary arrangement of his coevals which was commercial framework. This framework was fruitful when a state would send out more than they import and they would limit imports following in cash fluxing into the state and tiny going out which making a progressively productive state. We will compose a custom article test on US in the Views of Adam Smith and Karl Marx Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page He accepted that individuals ought to be permitted to work with no restrictions and by making so. it work will for the financial framework. Smith’s monetary hypothesis depended on how individuals’ sense of self inclusion benefits the financial framework rather than the incredible Torahs upheld by the specialists. He expounded on his hypotheses in his two most praised plants. The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations. Adam Smith kicked the bucket on July 17. 1790 ( Bolotta. Hawkes. Mahoney. Flute player ) . Karl Marx-Biography Karl Heinrich Marx. appeared in figure 2. was conceived on May 5. 1818 in Rhineland. Germany. He considered teaching and history at the University of Berlin. He got his primary care physicians degree at 23 years old and wedded two mature ages in this manner. He was in obstruction of the monetary development during his clasp as it depended on core entrepreneur rules. The rich get rich off the work of the hapless. He was extremely much against the wealthy life. other than known as the Bourgeoisie and upheld the lower working classification. known as the Proletariat. He began printing his communist situations through segments to the masses thus he was in no time in issue with the specialists and had to go forward the state. He and Friedrich Engels combined and composed their hypothesis of socialism in The Communist Manifesto. They accepted that the unrest of socialism would get down after the Proletariat ascend to the Bourgeoisie ( Bolotta. Hawkes. Mahoney. Flute player ) . History and Description of Government The United States turned into its ain state on July fourth 1776. which is currently known as its Independence Day. after the American Revolution when they isolated from the control of Great Britain ( Wikipedia History ) . The state built up a sort of specialists called the Fundamental law of the United States in 1787 which permitted residents equivalent rights and an actualized a rule of their obligations as great. The Bill of Rights followed soon after in 1791. revising that every individual has certain rights that can non be taken off from them even by the specialists ( Wikipedia 2010 ) . It is clear from the activities of the United States that the specialists was worked under numerous guidelines by Adam Smith. Leting residents their privileges exhibits that a cardinal approval will non be in power which was the convictions of Karl Marx. Vote based system was displayed by the United States as individuals were enabled to cast a ballot and choose agents for the state ( Wikipedia 201 0 ) . Portrayal of Economy With a populace of 310 million and a GDP of $ 14. 4 trillion. appeared in figure 3. the United States positions as one of the greatest human dynamo states known to man. The financial development that was preeminent presented by Alexandar Hamilton in the late seventeenth century has internationally become the most grounded framework ( Wikipedia 2010 ) . The gross household stock estimates the states generally speaking estimation of financial creation. The higher a states GDP is. the more productive the monetary framework becomes ( Wikipedia 2010 ) . Adam Smith bolstered The Law of Population which shows a roundabout correlativity between the creation of a state and its populace. For outline. it is appeared in figure 2 and 3 that both the GDP and populace of the United States have expanded over the past pair of decennaries. This hypothesis expresses that as creation increments. business will increment and organizations will in a matter of seconds increment the awards of the laborers th ey utilize. As a result of higher prizes. citizens’ everyday environments will better including having the option to gracefully better health consideration in this way. death rates abatement and populace augmentations. In the United States this has been valid as far as possible compensation has fundamentally expanded from about $ 3. 35 to $ 7. 25 in the past duo of decennaries which has been one of the foundations for populace to increment ( Wikipedia 2010 ) . Adam Smith’s rules are unmistakably obvious in the financial development of the United States. He accepted that self contribution. net gain being the motivation. will generally speaking benefit the financial framework introducing a â€Å"free market† where it is guided by gracefully and request. The United States is an entrepreneur grouped financial framework proposing to a great extent everything in the state is in private claimed. This permits worries to run and keep up total compensations all things considered Karl Marx accepted. entrepreneur economy will simply let the rich to secure more extravagant and the hapless get less fortunate. This hypothesis is valid in the United States on the grounds that the specialists does non step in underway. The unseeable manus which is a hypothesis Adam Smith accepted will let the powers of the market to run its characteristic class. Factors, for example, gracefully. request. rivalry will obviously order the monetary framework which is the reason he trusted Torahs ought to non shorten the market. The American financial framework i n private claims to a great extent everything, for example, health consideration ( Bolotta. Hawkes. Mahoney. Flautist ) . Wellbeing consideration in the United States is one of the most beneficial ventures since everything must be paid for by residents ( OECD ) . Dissimilar to greater part of other to the full created states that give health thoughtfulness regarding residents. wellbeing consideration establishments are essentially possessed and run by the private part ( Wikipedia 2010 ) . Appeared in Figure 4. American residents spend the most known to mankind on wellbeing consideration which demonstrates a downside for an entrepreneur monetary framework as residents get tiny guide from the specialists. Utilization of Scarce Resources and its Effectss The speculations of both financial specialists did non straight observe regular assets however with the example of their monetary frameworks. the utilization of exchange merchandise can be investigated. Karl Marx accepted that a cardinal approval should order what to deliver and its amount would be founded on the requests of its kin ( Bolotta. Hawkes. Mahoney. Flute player ) . Request does non come into dramatization in this hypothesis since individuals are enduring on what is important and non on their needs. While examining the United States’ judgments on the use of scant assets. the market chooses. In position of the two personalities. the United States keeps a larger number of rules sing scarceness from Adam Smith than Karl Marx. Glancing further in thing at this hypothesis. regular assets are non utilized as quickly if a state follows this financial hypothesis. Working under this framework has demonstrated to non be the most sensible. On the off chance that a state is bri ng forthing each piece much as customers need of a product. the scant asset will instantly bounty run out. As appeared in figure 5 ( Ausubel ) . the whole backdown of H2O has been geometrically expanding for the last 100 mature ages. The existent ingestion of H2O is considerably less ; demonstrating that a major main part of H2O is being squandered. At the rate that H2O is being utilized. it will run out and humankind will non have the option to deliver anything without it. Oil is another delineation of an exchange decent that is being over utilized for about everything. America imported around 3. 300. 000 1000 barrels of oil in the past twelvemonth ( U. S. 2010 ) . Customer request of oil is endless ( appeared in figure 6 ) and until it wraps up. it will ever be popular. The â€Å"free market† of the United States permits individuals to purchase any exchange great. regardless of whether gracefully is altogether decreasing ( Bolotta. Hawkes. Mahoney. Flute player ) . For representation. oil is being utilized for travel. to fuel automobiles. trucks. planes. and so on. In spite of the fact that it is permitted. it is non crucial for everybody to purchase an auto or a boarding pass. By making so. consumerâ₠¬â„¢s wants and needs result in the unneeded ingestion of characteristic assets. While breaking down the scarceness in a state. Karl Marx’s hypothesis works better for proficiency as regular assets will non be venturing out to blow. given that in a socialist financial framework. the figure of products being delivered will only be bounty to drag out human perseverance and non their wants. His assessment is that a cardinal approval controls the basicss of creation and obligation is shared between all residents each piece. The financial estimation of products will neer increment as shoppers are non given the choice to interest for makers to raise fiscal qualities ( Bolotta. Hawkes. Mahoney. Flautist ) . By runing under Adam Smith’s convictions. the United States specialists is leting makers to deliver each piece much as conceivable insofar as purchaser request is high. This will presently bounty lead the United States to a monetary emergency when an asset runs out and shoppers will be left exposed. On the off chance that there was no more oil left known to man. the a large portion of import partners that would be influenced are the maker

Patriot :: essays research papers

THE PATRIOT Blur IN: EXT. THE SWAMPS OF SOUTH CAROLINA - NIGHT Dull. Dismal. Kudzu dangles from the bogs maples. A dull and restricting spot. A winged animal CRIES EERILY in the murkiness. Creepy crawlies HUM forebodingly. SUPERIMPOSITION: FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR A unit of French warriors with a few wagons makes it's way along a sloppy street slice through the bog. The warriors are careful, filtering the underbrush, weapons prepared. In the bog, corresponding to the street, SHADOWED FIGURES, tucked away among the brush, quietly track the French warriors. As the lead wagon turns over a sloppy puddle, riding it, a MUD-COVERED FIGURE, comes to up, gets the wagon's undercarriage, pulls itself up and sticks, inconspicuous to the underside of the wagon. The figure, clouded by the mud, scarcely looks human. As different wagons turn over other sloppy miseries in the street, three more mud-concealed figures reach, snatch what's more, stick to the underside of different wagons. Fortification CHARLES The doors are opened. The soothed French troopers animate their pace and rush into the overall security of the fortification. In the post yard the exhausted separation scatters. UNDER THE LEAD WAGON The principal dim, mud-shrouded figure quietly drops to the ground and draws an unmistakable TOMAHAWK from his belt as different figures drop from different wagons. The figures slither through the shadows toward the guards who are shutting the fundamental entryways. THEY SPRING... the lead figure runs forward, raises his TOMAHAWK and HACKS DOWN at a TERRIFIED FRENCH SENTRY... The other sloppy figures join the assault... smothering the shouts of the French officers with VICIOUS KNIFE Cuts... increasing valuable seconds... A FRENCH SOLDIER CRIES OUT... sounding the alert... other FRENCH SOLDIERS come coming up short on the obscurity... The four sloppy figures, persevere at the door, ruthlessly slaughtering the French ridiculously, holding the entryways open as... Many other sloppy makes sense of race of the encompassing swamp, tearing through the fortification doors, joining the butcher... The lead figure, HACKS, over and over with his tomahawk... Blood and substance spread his arm as the horrendous edge rises what's more, falls in the midst of the SCREAMS in the dimness... Break down TO: EXT. SOUTH CAROLINA COUNTRYSIDE - DAY Wonderful daylight. Ethereal SHOT of a post rider running along a street through quiet untamed forests. Taking off old-development elms curve over riverside maples along the shores of the delicately bending, profound water Santee River. SUPERIMPOSITION: SOUTH CAROLINA April, 1776 The post rider rides along a raised marsh street. On either roadside, beautiful shafts of daylight penetrate the shade falling onto delicate, influencing greeneries that spread the high grounds. Many BIRDS SING. The water is clear, with fields of skimming lily cushions, each with a unmistakable white blossom ascending from it. EXT. New WATER PLANTATION - DAY

tidbits

tidbits Hello Internet! Im briefly poking my head into the blogosphere as a respite from a very busy IAP (which Ill hopefully get to blogging about eventually). But since I dont really have anything interesting to say about IAP yet, and I couldnt think of a single unified topic to write about, I decided to answer a bunch of questions from the blogger bot that Lydia K. so generously created for us bloggers who cant think of anything to blog about. Pi or tau? Pi. (If its okay with the other person(s),) tell us your funniest (PG-13) MIT   relationship disaster story. I actually haven’t really had anything noteworthy in this arena the first person I got into a relationship with at MIT is now my boyfriend :) We often hear strange snippets of conversation as we walk through public   spaces. Tell us about a time you overheard something interesting. Overheard at a fencing practice last year: “This is MUCH less sexual if you understand quantum field theory.” Good news: another hour has just been added to every 24-hour day. How do   you use those extra sixty minutes? Sleep, obviously. What do you do to punt, de-stress, or reset, on or off the Internet? What   things on the Internet help you feel more happy and less anxious? When I’m by myself, I like to listen to music or watch BBC nature documentaries. More frequently, I force myself out of my room to go wander around and find people to hang out with, or watch something on Netflix with my boyfriend. Are you a night owl or are you the early bird? Whats your most productive   time of day? When do you do your best work? I’m definitely not an early bird, but as I’ve gotten older, I’ve found it more difficult to stay up late. Last semester, I found that my most productive hours were in the afternoon. What are your resolutions? What do you want to accomplish over the next   year/semester? Due to an unfortunate health complication, one of my resolutions is to be more healthy. This means cutting sugar and red meat out of my diet, and since those are most of the things that I enjoy eating, that’s going to be hard. I also want to be better at saving money; I realized between buying my own brass rat and taking a spring break trip to Vienna, I’ll need to have enough money put aside. Film (or write about, Im sure) anything related to music in MIT. This has already been done for me check out this fusion performance of Phantom of the Opera by my a cappella group, the MIT Ohms (I solo at 2:15!) Type up/embed/describe a short scene from a favorite book or movie and tell   us about how something in your life is like that scene. There’s a scene from my favorite movie (Final Fantasy 7: Advent Childrensurprise surprise) in which the protagonist Cloud (the guy with the spiky blond hair) is physically pulled upwards by all of his friends to fight the very, very large monster threatening to destroy the city. I always see it as a metaphor for the support that friends and family provide in one’s life they pull you up and give you the boost you need to fight your own monsters. I cry every time I watch this scene. (I cried when I watched it before hyperlinking it to this paragraph) What do you need to do within 30 minutes of waking up to ensure your day   gets off on the right foot? What happened last time you didnt? When I get up really early (before 11 am), I like to have a cup of tea or coffee to get me going. Otherwise, I like waiting until the last possible minute to get out of bed because there’s nothing than puts me in a worse mood than getting out of bed. Whats your signature beverage? How did it achieve that status? It would probably have to be thai ice tea boba, the only flavor of boba I really enjoy. Unfortunately, I can no longer drink the boba that’s normally sold in MIT fundraisers, but fortunately, I’ve learned how to make my own, reasonable tasting approximation. I also just really like making people tea, so tea in general is probably my signature beverage.   Do you have any funny/harrowing/interesting memories from a sporting event   you attended, participated in, or watched at MIT? At the first fencing meet of this year, I started off very strong in the preliminary bouts, and was ranked somewhere in the high 20s out of 50ish people going into single elimination. At some point in my single elimination bout, my muscle froze up and I made the mistake of trying to push through the match. After struggling and getting to 14-14, I couldn’t make the last touch and barely made it off the strip before my leg started spasming. I was really sad that I couldn’t have done better moral of the story is to stretch better, I guess. Tell us about something fun you do for/around pi day (especially if there   are pis or pies or taus involved). My high school used to have a huge festival in the cafeteria with lots of pi/pie related activities. The one I remember most vividly was the chance to pie our principal in the face. Whats messier right nowâ€"your bedroom or your computers desktop? Tell us   how it got to that state. My computer desktop I never look at it, and so it just builds up a layer of downloaded apps and files. My laundry basket does get obscenely full from time to time though.   Your dorm is on fire. Grab five items (assume all people and animals are   safe). What did you grab? A box of cards and notes that people have written me My guitar My Buster Sword necklace that I keep hanging next to my sink My blanket because it is really soft and I love it My equally soft body pillow What did you do for fun in high school? How did these things define who you   were then, and how have they defined who you are now? I played video games for fun and now theres a non-trivial chance that I might make video games for a living. Direct correlation! Teach us something youve learned at MIT, academic or otherwise. After three semesters of being on varsity fencing, I’ve determined that it takes almost exactly four songs to speed walk from East Campus to the Z-Center for practice. Tell us about a time you made a false assumption about a person, a place, a   class, or a department. How did they prove you wrong? Somewhere halfway through the middle of last semester, I was wholly convinced that I would never have to apply any of the knowledge gleaned from my 6.004 (Computation Structures) class, mostly because I was doing poorly in it and I was trying to console myself. As a 6-3, 6.004 is the most “hardware” class that I’ll ever have to take, and I was fairly sure that if I just got through the class, I would never have to think about it again. I proved myself royally wrong by getting an entire job interview filled with stuff I wouldn’t have known a thing about without some knowledge of 6.004. I also got that job, and that’s what I’ll be doing this summer, so I paid a lot more attention to 6.004 after that Tell us about the last time you got lost at MIT or in Boston/Cambridge. Was   it an enjoyable experience, or a stressful one? (Disclaimer: This story has been *edited* slightly for reasons) I remember that I was exploring the 30-something buildings with some friends, and we split off to explore and said we’d reconvene in building 9 in fifteen minutes. The challenge was to do this without ever exiting the buildings. I proceeded to get very lost fun fact, the 30-something buildings are only connected through the 3rd floor and I did not know this as a freshman so I spent twenty minutes running around with a dead phone, with no idea of where I was, and I eventually gave up and took Vassar Street to get to building 9. A prefrosh needs directions to Baker House. Instead of the fastest route,   give him/her the one involving the most fun (legal) detours. To be honest, I barely know where the dorms on Dorm Row are, so I can’t even give a good answer to this. How did you handle the waiting period between hitting submit and March (or   even between then and August (also known as senior year))? I graduated early and took a gap semester in Japan my senior year. I also studied for a bunch of ASEs, none of which I ended up passing (pro tip to seniors: just enjoy your summer, cause it’s probably the last one you’ll ever have in which you’ll have lots of free time). Take some selfies with your friends and tell us about who your friends are   and what you guys are doing together. My friends and I are watching Spiderman 3 while I write this post! Im writing as I complain about how bad this movie is :P Tell us a story about your relationship with a musical instrument and how   that relationship has played into (hah) your experiences at MIT. I taught myself how to play guitar in junior year of high school because I was too shy to sing songs a cappella, which means without any instrumental accompaniment (how the times have changed). It was the only instrument that I brought to MIT and I’ve initiated many a late night jam session with it. Playing the guitar always reminds me of the many ways that music brings people together; with just a few chords and a well-known pop song, you can get an entire room of people to sing along with you, and I think thats something magical. Take a photo of ordinary equipment that you use regularly at a UROP or   elsewhere, and tell us about what it does and how you use it. Jibo the personal robot! I dont *use* Jibo yet, but hes too cute not to post on here. Im UROPing in the Personal Robots group at the Media Lab for this IAP and the Spring, and Ive been tasked with creating a puzzle game that school children can play with Jibo. In just a few weeks, Ive learned more Unity and Photoshop tricks than I ever have before, and Ive tried to teach myself Unity and Photoshop quite a few times in my life. This is the first UROP where I really feel like Im in my element, and I really hope to work on this project until completion! Machines and appliances sometimes feel like they have their own   personalities. Tell us about the machines you own or interact with. Lets go back to Jibo for this prompt! Despite his WALL-E-esque design, Jibo always surprises me with how lifelike some of his actions are. Ill walk into lab sometimes and be startled by the Jibo that I sit near turning to me and saying hello. My interactions with Jibo are remarkably similar to my interactions with other people, and I think thats really cool and speaks to how well he was designed. And while were on this topic Cynthia Breazeal, the head of the Personal Robots lab, goes a little more in depth about the reasons why we sometimes feel like machines (specifically robots) have feelings and personalities in her TED Talk! How it is that you socialize? (How DO people socialize? MIT prefrosh want   to know (but really)) I’m not really one for going to social events outside East Campus unless there’s a definitive offer of free stuff, so I normally socialize by going to East Campus parties, hanging out in lounges, and recently, playing a lot of Super Smash Ultimate (I main Cloud, because of course I do). But Ive noticed since last semester that its remarkably easy to  not  socialize, which struck me as a surprise, since during freshman year I pretty much did nothing but socializing. Classes have become harder, and time management has become more stressful, and its hard to pset in lounges when you cant hear yourself think and even harder to find the energy to balance all the things youre supposed to do.   I personally believe that if I ever have no time in a day to hang out with friends, Im probably doing too many things, and Im going to try to adhere to this for the rest of the semesters that Ill be here.   Take photos of some places youve fallen asleep on campus. What are the   benefits and drawbacks of being asleep there? I have actually only *intentionally* fallen asleep (morning classes suck eom) in one place on campus: the nap area in 26-110, better known as the Banana Lounge. A picture of the nap area from The Tech article about the Banana Lounge. The nap area is really nice because the lights above it are dimmed, and people generally arent loud in the lounge out of respect to the people who are sleeping. And when youre tired enough, even a yoga mat on the floor and a blanket will be the comfiest thing in the world. Take a photo or a video of your/your profs/your friends pet and tell us   about him/her/it. Bonus points if its a plant or a pet rock. Flora 3 This is my familys cat, Flora! Ive met a lot of cats in East Campus (and in life in general, I guess), but shes still the cutest one Ive ever seen. Thats all the prompts that Ive answered so far. This is actually pretty fun, so Ill probably blog a few more sometime in the next few weeks. Stay tuned for more tidbits about my life! Post Tagged ##StudentStories #advice #blogger bot #music #random stuff

The Ship Of Theseus Paradox Essay - 872 Words

The Ship of Theseus, also known as Theseus’ Paradox, is a thought experiment that questions whether an object is fundamentally the same object after having all of its parts replaced. The story goes that Theseus, a mythical hero of Athens, went on an endeavor to kill the Minotaur who had been harassing the townspeople. When Theseus returned successful, his ship was left in the harbor to commemorate his victory. Consequently, the ship’s planks had deteriorated and were replaced one by one. Thus, the question begs: is this the same ship, or a different one? Throughout this paper I will argue the stance that Theseus’ ship is not the same ship nor has it ever been the same ship the second it left the port in which it was built. Theseus’s Paradox is entirely built upon perception— someone’s view of the ship is different (no matter how minuscule) compared to the next person. Hence why philosophers differ so much on the subject. However, the idea of human perception can be taken into account when discussing this question. Because no answer to this question can be true, is precisely why one answer has to be more true; the ship is different. Take into consideration perception— to apply an identity to an object means that the object was perceived by an observer. The observer selects attributes of its subject in order to serve his/her purpose; the â€Å"attributes† assigned to the subject become the basis for its identity. Therefore, identity has no meaning apart from being a branch ofShow MoreRelatedWhy Is It Our Anatomy That Makes Us Human?802 Words   |  4 Pagesreligions, locations, divorces, and a string of childhood drama I feel I have lived 80 years in my 17 years on this tiny blue sphere. So what makes us, humans. We are never the same from one second to the next. We are the living example of the paradox of Theseus ship, at what point do we stop being who we are and become something new. 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So what exactly is the four-dimensionalRead MoreFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 PagesFweet, Bootchee-Fweet. - Saul Bellow 54. oxymoron: the yoking of two terms that are ordinarily contradictory Eg. sweet pain; cheerful pessimist; conspicuous by her absence; thunderous silence; make haste slowly; jumbo shrimp; rational hysteria 55. paradox: a statement that reveals the truth but at first seems contradictory †¢ He is guilty of being innocent. - about Joseph K. in Kafka’s The Trial †¢ The past is the prologue. -Paul Newman 56. paraphrase: a restatement of the content of a poem designedRead MoreGreek Mythology8088 Words   |  33 Pages  which  resulted  from  an  attempt  to  carry  off  the  Lapith   women  at  a  wedding  feast.  This  combat  was  depicted  in  sculpture  on  the  Parthenon,  a  temple   dedicated  to  Athena  in  Athens. The  Sirens   In  Greek  mythology  sirens  were  sea  nymphs  who  lured  sailors  with  their  sweet  singing,  causing  their  ships  to   founder.  Odysseus  overcame  the  temptation  by  tying  himself  to  his  ship’s  mast  as  shown  in  this  painting  by  19th ­Ã‚   century  French  artist  Leon  Belly  in  the  Musà ©e  de  l’Hotel  Sandelin  in  Saint  Omer,  France.   Giraudon/Art  Resource,  NY   The  Sirens

The First Civilizations The Rise Of Civilization

The first civilizations, the foundations for future empires, were all founded and created between 3500 B.C.E. and 500 B.C.E. by groups of nomadic peoples who decided to settle in an area for certain group specific reasons. Some of the main states of the first civilization were Mesopotamia, Norte Chico, Egypt, Indus Valley, China, and Olmec. The second wave civilizations, built between 500 B.C.E. and 500 C.E., included the Persians, the Greeks, Romans, Chinese (Qin and Han), and India (Mauryan and Gupta). The first wave civilizations were sparked by the agricultural movement that led to the settlement of large groups of people in areas that became the cities and states that formed these first civilizations. The rise of civilization led to†¦show more content†¦The key similarities between the two waves of civilizations are important and were continued throughout history even further than the empires of the second wave. These similarities included slavery, treatment of women, a nd the patriarch and monarch rulers; these similarities were intertwined in both waves. Hierarchies of gender declared that women and men were not equal because â€Å"to be gendered as masculine or feminine defines the roles and behavior considered appropriate for men and women in every human community.† The hierarchy of gender led to the creation of patriarchy, the concept that women are lesser or subordinate to men in all aspects of life. This idea of patriarchy meant sons were valued more than daughters, men had more opportunities in society and with jobs, the opportunity to rule, and men were the heads of their households. However, this wasn’t true for every society, even in the first civilizations there were cities and groups of people living within some states that allowed women to do what they wanted to do out in society. The Egyptians were a good example of equality as women were legally viewed equal to men. They were able to own land and slaves, initiate divo rce, and rarely they would reach the position of queen, the most famous being Hatshepsut. On the more extreme side, in ancient Mesopotamia, patriarchy took root quickly in the form of actual written law. The code of Hammurabi was created in 1750 B.C.E. creating very submissive laws forShow MoreRelatedThe First Global Civilization : The Rise And Spread Of Islam1539 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 6: The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam Introduction Muslims believed in Allah. This was their God. They only believed in Allah. Muslim’s biggest rivals were Christians. In the seventh century, Muhammed controlled several empires, including Persia, Greece, and Egypt. These empires took him decades to acquire, however. 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The McDonaldization Free Essays

string(143) " This can be attributed to the fact that they do not pre-make their burgers and leave them under heat lamps to sit like McDonald’s does\." â€Å"McDonaldization† — as used by George Ritzer, author of The McDonaldization of Society — refers to the creation of â€Å"rationalized systems† to perform everyday functions such as food preparation, retail sales, banking, home construction, entertainment, news delivery and so on. He calls it McDonaldization because such methods were used to famous effect by Ray Kroc, who built McDonald’s into a fast-food empire — and because in many people’s minds McDonald’s represents the results, both good and bad, that occur when rationalized systems take over. But has this transition affected other businesses either positively or negatively? Why sure, thanks for asking! I think the best way to examine McDonaldization is to compare the analysis of McDonalds to its effects in the same industry. We will write a custom essay sample on The McDonaldization or any similar topic only for you Order Now The way I plan to do this is to see if the effects of McDonaldization have effect the Wendy†s franchise. The information that I know about this business comes from my brother working for this company for many years and partaking in a triple-cheeseburger or two in my short college career. The way that Wendy’s Old Fashioned Hamburgers does business and markets it’s product to consumers is due to the change in our society to where the consumer wants the biggest, fastest, and best product they can get for their money. This change in society can be attributed to a process known as McDonaldization. Although McDonaldization can be applied to many other parts of our society, this paper will focus on its impact on Wendy’s Old Fashioned Hamburgers. My belief is that the process of McDonaldization, where the ideology of McDonald’s has come to dominate the world, has caused Wendy’s Old Fashioned Hamburgers to emulate McDonald’s style of running a franchised restaurant chain in terms of efficiency, calculability, and control. However, since McDonald’s has become the embodiment of â€Å"fast-food† in our society, Wendy’s Old Fashioned Hamburgers has had to change their focus to giving the consumer a higher quality product in a relatively fast amount of time. So, Wendy’s still caters to a McDonaldized society in terms of giving them a meal as fast as possible but making quality their number one priority to give people a viable option from McDonald’s. In addition, as mentioned before, I have used my brother who managed to keep a job at Wendy’s for a short period and observations I gathered while at McDonald’s as further information for this paper. First, before I discuss the impact of McDonaldization on Wendy’s Old Fashioned Hamburgers, I will define what McDonaldization is. McDonaldization is the process by which the principles of fast-food restaurants are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society, as well as, of the rest of the world. George Ritzer created this concept of McDonaldization as a continuation of Max Weber’s theories on bureaucracies (I hope). Max Weber defines a bureaucracy as a large hierarchical organization that is governed by formal rules and regulations and has a clear specification of work tasks. Its three main characteristics are that it has a division of labor, hierarchy of authority, and an impartial and impersonal application of rules and policies (see what I got from Sociological Theory). Thus, from that definition of a bureaucracy, one would conclude that both McDonald’s and Wendy’s Old Fashioned Hamburgers are bureaucracies. The fact that both restaurants are bureaucracies is supported by the fact that each assigns workers to a specific job where each worker individually contributes to the overall success of the restaurant by doing his or her job. For example, workers at each restaurant could be assigned to working the grill, making fries, working the front register, or taking orders at the drive-thru window. Both restaurants have a hierarchy of authority from worker, crew chief, shift manager, salary manager to owner of the store. Also, each restaurant enforces an impartial and impersonal application of rules and policies. Both McDonald’s and Wendy’s have standard, impersonal greetings at the register and at the drive-thru window. The exception when this impersonal attitude towards the customer is changed is when a worker knows the customer outside the restaurant. In this case, the worker will probably ask their acquaintance how they are doing or what they are up to. The worker might even throw in an extra cheeseburger that a regular customer might not get. Despite this exception where standardization is broken, both these restaurants have become bureaucracies because they are the most efficient means of managing large groups of people. That leaves one to wonder why the process of McDonaldization has been so successful for both companies. The first reason is that it offers efficiency where consumers know that it means the quickest way to get from one point to another. In the case of McDonald’s, it offers the best available way to get from being hungry to being full. This is so important in today’s society because so many people are in a rush to get from one place to another. Therefore, the quick, efficient setup of McDonald’s allows consumers to eat a fast-food meal without having to leave their car. On the other hand, Wendy’s strives for as efficient service as possible without affecting the quality of their product. This is because McDonald’s already has imprinted on people’s minds throughout the many years of its existence that they will get the same burger each visit in the quickest amount of time. They reinforce this idea on the minds of consumers through advertising and other clever tools. For example, on every McDonald’s sign is a tally of how many people in the world have eaten there, which is currently at 99 billion served. The use of this sign reinforces to people that McDonald’s is an icon in our society and many people will equate that large number with McDonald’s being the best restaurant. As a result, Wendy’s has tried to make quality their number one priority but with no serious deficiencies in the speed of their product. This can be attributed to the fact that they do not pre-make their burgers and leave them under heat lamps to sit like McDonald’s does. You read "The McDonaldization" in category "Essay examples" Instead, they have their staff assembled to make the burger as the customer orders it. This is an especially important benefit because many people like to â€Å"customize† their burger and the process that Wendy’s uses allow them to do that. This allows them to target another group of society, which McDonald’s product doesn’t appeal to. For example, older people who would rather sit down and have a quality meal would most likely rather go to Wendy’s Old Fashioned Hamburgers. Even, the name of Wendy’s Old Fashioned Hamburgers suggests that their style is more like how things used to be done many decades ago in terms of making quality the number one priority for a restaurant. Therefore, they would provide an alternative for people who were not interested in getting a burger that has been slopped together and sitting under a heat lamp for an hour. This would be reflected in which demographic of people each restaurant targeted. McDonald’s traditionally has targeted families as their key demographic but recently they have shifted to make their product more appealing to teenagers as well. This can best be demonstrated in their new style commercials that use many young adults and refers to McDonald’s as â€Å"Mickey D’s† as a hip place to hang out. So, for young people who are in a rush to get from place to place, McDonald’s provides a fast, cheap meal that they can eat on the run. On the other hand, Wendy’s Old Fashioned Hamburgers targets people who aren’t in such a rush and would rather sit down and eat a slow, relaxing meal (is this ageism). They still cater to those who are in a rush by offering a drive-thru. However, they know that most of their business will come from people looking for a quality alternative to McDonald’s. Another aspect of McDonaldization that has made both companies successful is calculability. This is where each restaurant puts an emphasis on quantitative aspects of products sold like portion size and cost. For example, McDonald’s has burgers like the â€Å"Quarter Pounder† and â€Å"Big Mac† while Wendy’s Old Fashioned Hamburger has burgers like the â€Å"Double Bacon Cheeseburger†. This use of descriptive adjectives suggests to the consumer that they are getting the most amount of food for their money. Both McDonald’s and Wendy’s have the option to â€Å"Supersize† or â€Å"Biggiesize† an order. This makes the companies successful in our society because of our belief that bigger is better. Finally, both companies use control, especially through the substitution of non-human for human technology. For both companies that means using soft drink machines that automatically shuts off when the glass is full, french-fry machines that rings and lifts itself out of the oil when the fries are done, and the preprogrammed cash registers that eliminate the need for the cashier to calculate any prices. The main reason that this is done is because,† [people are] The great source of uncertainty, unpredictability and inefficiency in any rationalizing system. Thus, by increasing control, through increased mechanization, both companies maintain a better control over the entire organization. Also, this leads to employees not having to think about their job because the tasks they are asked to do are very repetitive. In conclusion, it is obvious that both restaurants have adopted a style of running their restaurants that makes them successful. McDonald’s style is to give the public the same burger that they have always had so that they can come to depend that they will get the same meal as they did last time. They have been a pioneer in the fast-food industry and the model that other restaurants try to imitate. On the other hand, Wendy’s style is to make a quality product that reminds people of the â€Å"good old days†. They have been directly influenced by McDonald’s in terms of how to run their fast-food restaurant to maximize speed and efficiency. However, since Wendy’s Old Fashioned Hamburgers would not have a chance of competing with McDonald’s at their own game, they have developed their own niche in the market of making a quality product efficiently. What concerns me is the way these companies are phasing out the roles of their employees to the point where they are doing nothing but mindless, repetitive tasks. To me, the consequence of this will be that someday all human workers will be replaced because it is more efficient for machines to do the work. So, although McDonaldization has made both these companies very successful, there is a very serious potential downside that could have an effect on everyone. Now there is no doubt that this text can be read on a number of different levels, some of which are far more satisfactory than others. Ritzer is clearly an accessible and engaging writer. For an undergraduate audience, which is unfamiliar with the language, and indeed, critical project of radical social theory, this text provides a worthy, and indeed somewhat enjoyable introduction. Keep in mind, though, that those four principles are not necessarily pursued from the point of view of the consumer. Efficiency, for example, may entail the placing of great inconveniences upon a consumer for the sake of efficient management. Calculability may involve hiding certain information from the consumer. Predictability and control may involve a company’s ability to predict and control consumer behavior, not the consumer’s ability to predict what kind of product or control what kind of service he gets. Ritzer calls such breakdowns â€Å"the irrationality of rationalization. † Even so, there is a great perception among American consumers in particular that McDonaldized systems succeed from their own point of view based on those criteria: the systems are perceived to be more efficient, the benefits calculable, the goods and services predictable. But it’s rare that the consumer will ever feel himself to be more in control. McDonaldized systems take away a great deal of consumer autonomy (which I love), making decisions and implementing processes on a mass-market scale with little room for individual involvement on the part of a single customer or even a single store or plant manager. The benefit of control is one that accrues exclusively to the company. Regardless of who benefits or to what extent, the universal result is homogenization. Rationalized systems have a pronounced tendency to squash-individual tastes, niche markets, small-scale enterprise and personalized customer service. Differences are leveled, wrinkles smoothed, knots cut off — convenience at the expense of character. An overwhelming normlessness develops, along with a decrease in responsiveness among the people of our society that are involved. The system that seeks to mimic a machine becomes a machine, incapable of making exceptions or taking risks. McDonaldization is taking over our society. In the future, our wishes of fast, more efficient services will be fulfilled; but whom in the world will we ever talk too? How to cite The McDonaldization, Essay examples

Lived Experiences of High School Students Involved in Fratenities and Sororities Essay Example

Lived Experiences of High School Students Involved in Fratenities and Sororities Paper Chapter I Introduction Almost in all times and among all nations which have reached a sufficient level of cultural development, there have always been fraternal associations formed for higher purposes. The development of Fraternities can be traced from trade unions or guilds that emerged in England. These guilds were set up to protect and care for their members at a time when there was no welfare state, trade unions or National Health Service (Sarmiento, 2011). Various secret signs and handshakes were created to serve as proof of their membership allowing them to visit guilds in distant places that are associated with the guild they belong. Others even modify their body like piercing, tattoo, and burns. †The awakening of the Filipinos to a deep sense of injustice being practice upon them by the colonizers was the introduction of fraternal societies in the islands, and the influence of higher education obtain by those of means to schools of Hongkong and other old-world countries† (Sarmiento, 2011). Nowadays fraternities and sororities  exist for  high school  students as well as college students. Like their college counterparts, most have  Greek letter  names. There are local high school fraternities and sororities with one or two chapters, many of the local chapters of these national fraternities were not tied to or affiliated with individual  high schools  but were instead area based, often drawing membership from multiple  high schools  in a given area. The high-school fraternity has become a serious problem through the years. We will write a custom essay sample on Lived Experiences of High School Students Involved in Fratenities and Sororities specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lived Experiences of High School Students Involved in Fratenities and Sororities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lived Experiences of High School Students Involved in Fratenities and Sororities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These organizations have sprung into the schools even in the watchful eyes of the school administrators who suddenly felt the need to act with all forces not easy to control, and remove from school. With the DepEd Order no. 6 series of 1954, which prohibits hazing in schools, and DepEd Order no. 20 series of 1991, which prohibits the operation of fraternities and sororities in public and private elementary and secondary schools and with laid out sanctions, like suspensions and expulsion, administrators and school authorities are aiming to eradicate these organizations. The adolescent is newly concerned with how they appear to others (Erikson, E. H. ). As they make the transition from childhood to adulthood, adolescents ponder the roles they will play in the adult world. Initially, they are apt to experience some role confusion- mixed ideas and feelings about the specific ways in which they will fit into society- and may experiment with a variety of behaviors and activities (e. g. tinkering with cars, baby-sitting for neighbors, affiliating with certain political or religious groups). Human beings are social animals; they develop and mature in dyadic, small group and other group contexts over a long period. Thus, it is not surprising that a growing body of evidence suggests that people are healthier and happier when they experience social belonging. Adolescents participate in a complex social environment populated by many friendship groups, cliques, and crowds. In the last few years, there have been many circumstances in school that are fraternity related. Various steps are taken, like investigation to suspected frat members. The school further promotes co-curricular and extra-curricular organizations and activities that can serve as more wholesome and productive alternatives to fraternities, sororities and like organizations. Various clubs were introduced by the school administrator to stir up students’ interest in different fields and divert them to a more productive group. This study hopes to shed light on old but under-researched phenomenon in the Philippines and based on the results, develop program for interventions which is non-existent at the moment. Consequently, this study will help open a whole new of world of understanding on the subject of fraternities and sororities and its implications to the future, since only few know about these groups. Lastly, the study aims to fill the gap in current research literature in the Philippines on fraternities and sororities. It hopes to provide insight into modern conceptualizations and definitions of fraternities and sororities. This information may be used in future research on fraternities and sororities and for effecting necessary changes on government institutions’ policies that govern fraternities and sororities. Statement of the Problem This study explores, describes and analyzes the lived experiences of high school fraternity members. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions: 1. What significant reason motivates high school students to join fraternities and sororities? 2. What insights, meaning and inspiration for fraternities and sororities members emerge from these experiences? 3. What do these insights reveal about their involvement in these organizations? 4. What counseling program can be designed to assist the needs of frat and not frat members? Theoretical/Conceptual Framework This study is anchored on theory of belongingness by Baumeister and Leary’s (1995) individuals have an evolved, and robust, need for closeness, and social belonging. This theory suggests that natural selection favored individuals who maintained close bonds with groups because this attachment provided security, and facilitated reproduction. Man is a social being in he has to be with others in order to cope with this pass paced world. Conceptual Framework Need to Belong Friends Belongingness Interventions Fraternity/Sorority The need to belong. As social being, teenagers as participants study seek to belong to, or identify oneself with others. Friends teenagers often be in the fill the gap if not satisfied in home Scope and Limitation The research is concerned with exploring and probing the lived experiences of 7-10 high school fraternity/sorority members in Canlaon City. The participants in the study are high school students currently enrolled during the school year 2011-2012 and are currently fraternity/sorority member. The participants are at least 12 years old at the time of the study. The study will use in-depth interview. This study will be conducted in public and private high schools Canlaon City for the school year 2010-2011. Significance of the Study The results of the study intend to benefit the following sectors: Educators. The study may spawn valuable insights concerning the real needs of this sector in educational institutions. This study may provide hard facts on their actual needs and the information gathered may be valuable in the school’s attempt to understand them more fully and to help provide opportunities to address their pertinent needs in and outside of the school. This group is expected to benefit directly from the actual data generated in this study. School Administrators. The information gathered in this research may provide baseline data for the administrators to plan and create a more concrete program to address the needs of the fraternity and sorority members. Since this study is a first-of-its-kind in the city, the researcher expects to provide a better and more comprehensive program in the future that addresses the actual needs of the students. Guidance Counselors. This research aims to provide baseline data that will help in the formulation of appropriate guidance programs to answer the need of the students and will help them in their quest to belong. Future researchers. This research is hoped to lay down a solid foundation on the needs of students who join fraternity and sororities for future researchers who may want to further investigate the topic and explore areas not covered by the present study. Furthermore, since local data on fraternity and sorority is scarce, it is the hope of the researcher to contribute to the local literature on the subject to benefit those who would wish to delve deeper into the topic in the future. The Government, Organization Leaders and Policy-Makers. The focus of this study is an attempt to provide new knowledge to leaders of organizations, government and policy-makers. The data can help enhance and develop strategies implementing specialized training, support systems, programs and laws that might protect the welfare of our students who are still in their teenage years. Definition of Terms In order to facilitate proper understanding of the context of how they are used in the study, the following terms are defined conceptually, operationally or both. Age – conceptually and operationally defined as the length of time that somebody or something has existed, usually expressed in years (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. ) Counseling Program – a plan of action that will be the product of the results of this study Family Background – whether participant of the study is living with parents, mother only, father only, uncle/aunt, grandparents, and relatives. Fraternity/Sorority – a group of individuals formed with the spirit of brotherly love Fraternity/Sorority Member – are the participants of the study, they are self confessed affiliates of high school fraternities. Gangs – group of teenagers who perform rights often to harm to the school and society Year Level – current educational status of the participant. Chapter II Review of Related Literature The purpose of this study is to see the real picture of high school fraternities and sororities in high school. This chapter presents the review of related studies that resembles in any way of this study. Several related literature and studies are related to this study. One of these studies is the study made by Timothy E. Bleeker and Sarah K. Murnen (2005) on fraternity membership, the display of degrading sexual images of women and rape myth acceptance wherein it was found out that fraternity men had significantly more images of women displayed in their rooms and that images were rated significantly more degrading than those in the rooms of non-fraternity men. Fraternity men were found to have significantly higher scores on rape supportive attitude scale (RSA). Carolyn Kolb (2008) cites that high school fraternities like the college level groups, have Greek letter name, a motto usually related to the name initials, secret rites and handshakes and a self generating membership: new members have to be voted in by the current members. Moreover Micheal T. Gibbons (2006) in his article â€Å"The Idea of Fraternity Revisited†, mentioned that the aspiration and drive for fraternity are indicated throughout the political history of human beings. An article of Jon Marcus (2004) discusses the controversy over fraternities and sororities in U. S. universities. It is being debated whether fraternities and sororities should be banned due to their involvement in sexism, alcohol abuse, hazing among others. Fraternities here in the Philippines have a â€Å"stigma† according to Juan Dela Cruz (2008). That is, people think that fraternities have nothing to do any good for you. It involves in frat wars, murders and any kind of crimes. He also added that being a fratmen, especially when you are member of a big fraternity is risky and dangerous. It is true that these big frats made services to people. Another research conducted by Brett Wells and Daniel P. Corts (2008) explored on implicit attitudes towards members of social fraternities and sororities. Members of Greek organizations showed preferential responses towards Greek groups over academic and service groups. These patterns of results suggest that many independent students harbor ill feelings towards sorority and fraternity members, and it is possible that the attitudes are stronger than reported typical. Eric A. Storch and Jason B. Storch (2002) examined the relationship between membership in fraternity or sorority and the frequency of academic dishonesty. Findings revealed that (1) members of fraternities and sororities reported higher rates of academic dishonesty as compared to non-members, and (2) the degree of involvement in fraternity or sorority sponsored activities was positively associated with academic dishonesty. Arsenio Baquilid (2010) emphasized that a fraternity or sorority is a choice of lifestyle for a lifetime. It has a strong influence on ones personality. He also stressed the truth that there are fraternities that pride themselves on academic performance, extra-curricular activities, leadership development, community service and may other achievements. The organization is a venue where a person can practice the full development of an integrated personality. However Ben O’Donnell (2009) argues that, despite negative stereotypes and news stories, fraternities can make a positive contribution to campus life. He notes that fraternity friendships create lifelong bonds between members, expose people to a variety of personality types because of the necessary diversity in any group and offer real diversity in fraternities at his alma mater, Dartmouth College. Juan Dela Cruz (2008) also included in his article that fraternity also made lot of services every year like outreach program. They adopt a baranggay and help the people there. They educate the children and give them goods. Through all the studies showed no concrete evidence on the concrete experiences and purpose of fraternities and sororities. The researcher persisted in conducting this study on the phenomenological study on the lives of high school students involving fraternities and sororities membership: Basis for a Counseling Program. Chapter III METHODOLOGY This chapter describes the research design, the participants of the study, the sampling procedure, the statistical tool, the data gathering procedure and analyzing the data. The Research Design The study mainly uses the qualitative-phenomenological approach in research. The study will use the descriptive type of research methodology as to the nature of the problem. The researcher will employ the field survey and the phenomenological in-depth interviewing methods. The qualitative approach used in-depth and key informant interviews with high school fraternity/sorority members to determine their experiences in the organization. The Participants of the Study The participants of this study are 7-10 high school students who are members of fraternity and sorority in Canlaon City. The age range will be 12-20 years old. The participant will be a mixture of frat members from different organizations. In order to protect their identity and ensure confidentiality, the participants were assigned pseudonyms (quoted in parenthesis). These were the names consistently used all throughout the paper when there was a need for the researcher to refer to the participants. The Sampling Design Due to the sensitivity of the study, the researcher conducted a pre-survey. The study employs purposeful sampling in identifying the participants. The researcher selects individuals and sites for study because they can purposefully inform an understanding of the research problem and the central phenomenon under study (Creswell, 2007). A Snowball or Chain sampling will also be used by which it identifies cases of interest from people who know people who know people who know what cases are information-rich, that is, good examples for study, good interview subjects (Patton, 1990). More specifically, the study uses criterion sampling wherein only the participants who met the criteria set by the researcher were involved in the study. The criteria used are the following: (1) first, participants are high school students enrolled in the current year and (2) second, they are members of fraternity/sorority for at least 6 months prior to the interview; and (3) third, they are 12 to 20 years old. For phenomenological studies, the use of small number of participants is justifiable due to the nature of the data-gathering procedure Research Instruments An interview guide will be used by the researcher to gather data. The researcher himself will make his own questions and will not rely on pre-prepared questionnaire to gather information. Guided by an interview protocol he will gather data and the flow of the interview will largely depend on his skill in asking the right questions, probing for depth and eliciting the necessary responses from the participants. Validity of the Research Instrument As suggested by Creswell (2007), the following validation techniques will be utilized: Firstly, the use of external audits (Erlanson et al. 1993; Lincoln and Guba, 1985; Merriam, 1988; Miles and Huberman, 1994 cited in Creswell, 2007) allows an external consultant, the auditor, to examine both process and the product of the account, assessing their accuracy. The auditor should have no connection to the study. This means that the open-ended questions for the in-depth interview will be subjected to face and content validity by seeking the expert suggestion of research practitioners engaging in qualitative research in order to ensure that the questions would gather the true essence and meaning of the participants’ experiences. Secondly, the use of the commonest forms of triangulation is to combine interviews with observation. Observation will test and fill out accounts given in interviews, and vice versa (Pratt, 2006). Thirdly, considerable effort was made in order to establish trust by building rapport with the participants through prolonged engagement, immersion and persistent observation. It also involves checking for misinformation that stems from distortions introduced by the researcher or informants (Ely, et al, 1991; Erlandson, Harris, Skipper and Allen, 1993; Glesne and Peskin, 1992; Lincoln and Guba, 1995; Merriam, 1998, cited in Creswell, 2007). Fourthly, clarifying researcher bias from the outset of the study is important so that the reader understands the researcher’s position and any biases or assumptions that impact the inquiry (Merriam, 1998, cited in Creswell, 2007). In this clarification, the researcher comments on pass experiences, biases, prejudices, and orientations that have likely shape the interpretation and approach t the study. Reliability of Research Instruments In qualitative research, reliability or consistency of responses of the participants is established using a good quality recorder in order to capture the details of the in-depth interview. In this case the researcher will use the recording function of a cellular phone. The recorded responses will be transcribed in order to see the nuances of the responses, the significant verbal and nonverbal cues, including the respondents’ tone and volume, the variations, pauses and the nuances of their responses. The stability of these responses will be the hallmark of a reliable instrument. The researcher will also use a detailed field notes to indicate of a good reliability index in qualitative research. This can be achieved by a good and competent way of transcribing the data gathered during the interview, to be conducted several times until the necessary information related to the inquiry is saturated. Data Gathering Procedure The following procedures will be observed during data gathering. The researcher will conduct a pre-survey to determine who are willing to participate in the study. Those who will agree to be participants of the study will be ask to refer others who are members of fraternity. Statistical Treatment of Data The study will use simple percentage to show the participants profile like gender, age, year level, family background and the recruitment procedure. Other findings will be in a descriptive type. Bibliography Baquilid, A. U. (2010, June). Being A Fraternity Member: Advantages and Disadvantages. http://arseniobaquilid23. blog. com/ Baumeister, R. F. , Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human emotion. Psychological  Bulletin, 117,  497-529. Bleecker, T. E. , Murnen, S. K. 2005, October). Fraternity Membership, the Display of Degrading Sexual Images of Women, and Rape Myth Acceptance. Sex Role; Vol. 53 Issue 7/8, p487-493, 7p. Dela Cruz, J. (2008, October). Life of a Fratman in the Philippines: From Heaven Down to Hell. http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/1079233/life_of_a_fratman_in_the_philippines. html? cat=7 Foubert, J. D. , Garner, D. N. Thaxter, P. J. (2006, June). An Exploration of Fraternity Culture: Implic ations for Programs to Address Alcohol-Related Sexual Assault. College Student Journal; Vol. 0 Issue 2, p361-373, 13p. Gibbons, M. T. (2006). The Idea of Fraternity Revised. Perspective on Political Science; Vol. 35 Issue 4, p205-209, 5p. Kolb, C. (2008, November). Frat Boys. New Orleans Magazines; Vol. 43 Issue 2, p188-189, 2p. Marcus, J. (2011, June). Schools for Scandal: Can Fraternities shed their image? The Times Higher Education Supplement; Issue 2004, p20. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Newman, M. (2002, August). High School Group’s Hazing Was Open Secret, Some Say. New York Times. O’Donnell, Ben. (2009, December). What’s Right with Fratenities. Chronicle of Higher Education; Vol. 56 Issue 16, pA76. Sarmiento, Louie Blake S. (2011). Research studies and lectures on Philippine fraternalism. Storch, E. A. Storch, J. B. (2002, June). Fraternities, Sororities, and Academic Dishonesty. College Student Journal; Vol. 36 Issue 2, p247. Wells, B. Corts, D. P. , (2008, September). Measuring Attitudes Towards Sorority and Fraternity Members: Indication of Implicit, Ingroup Favoritism. College Student Journal; Vol. 42 Issue 3, p842-846, 5p. Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton (1950); Triad/Paladin (1977), p. 242. Creswell, J. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches, 2nd ed. Sage Publications, Inc. Thousand Oaks, California. Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed. ). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Pratt, N. (2006). Qualitative Research.  © P Woods, Faculty of Education, University of Plymouth, 2006

Effective Communication Paper

Effective Communication Paper Effective Communication Paper Effective Communication Paper Debra L. Penta HCS 325 January 13,2014 Sandra Marken Effective Communication Paper Trends in virtually every workplace require employees to connect with co-workers and people who work at different locations in a professional and cohesive manner. Our employees are being asked to add to their job descriptions in order to facilitate what is needed to be achieved during the course of the day. Just as job descriptions change periodically, so do the requirements. One the biggest areas of change is how your organization may choose to communicate and share knowledge with their employees and their vendors as well as other people who come into contact with your organization (Lombardi, 2007). I have selected the Matrix Model to pattern the organization after. While I can see where it may be difficult to use with two managers who could disagree a lot, I think of the other models, this is the one which would allow the most lateral growth. By that, I mean that even though you may have two people who do not get along, hopefully they would put the best interest of the organization first. By lateral growth I mean that the managers should still do their jobs and set up their teams to meet their objectives. Not only that, but the managers need to continue to be supportive, clear, and honest with what they expect from their teams (Lombardi, 2007). As a team member I would find it much easier to work with a knowledge of what I was supposed to do as an employee and it would make it would it make for a pleasant work environment if my managers were approachable. To keep their team informed the mangers should plan to hold weekly meeting at which any new information could be shared w ith their teams. In order to make these meetings beneficial to the managers they could apply the Round Robin Technique to extract suggestions from hesitant employees. The Round Robin Technique is a technique that can be verbal or non-verbal or both. A question that may be asked from a manager can be answered verbally or written on a piece of paper, either way it is allows people who do not generally get involved with participating in meetings the chance to be heard (Lombardi, 2007). Maybe down the road when they become comfortable with how the meetings are run will no longer feel the necessity to write their answers down but will communicate verbally. The technique that I found that was the least successful was the use of sticky notes posted here and there. I don’t find it to be very logical. I believe that if the information is imperative and important enough to be communicated immediately the use of a smart phone and a text would be appropriate. I also think if that fails, a phone call could be the next course of action. Stress also plays a large part of workplace annoyances. Some of the ways a manager can help their employee’s with stress is make them aware of the fact that you are aware of their stresses and provide some suggestions in the form of posters in the break room. 1.- Realize when you’re stressed, recognize your particular stress response, and become familiar with sensual cues that can rapidly calm and energize you. The best way to reduce stress quickly is through the senses; through sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch. But each person responds differently to sensory input, so you need to try to find things that are soothing to you (Seagal, 2013). 2.-Stay connected to your internal emotional experience so you

Why We Celebrate Womens History Month In March

Why We Celebrate Womens History Month In March On February 28, 1980, President Jimmy Carter wrote: From the first settlers who came to our shores, from the first American Indian families who befriended them, men and women have worked together to build this Nation. Too often, the women were unsung and sometimes their contributions went unnoticed. These words, part of his message establishing the first Womens History Week in 1980, marked the beginning of a new chapter in American history; one in which recognition of women and their work, and the promotion of their rights became a more explicit concern. That initial effort was expanded in 1987, when March was designated as Womens History Month. The Beginning: Womens History Week In 1978 in California, the Education Task Force of the Sonoma County Commission on the Status of Women began a Womens History Week celebration. The week was chosen to coincide with International Womens Day, March 8. The response was positive. Schools began to host their own Womens History Week programs. The next year, leaders from the California group shared their project at a Womens History Institute at Sarah Lawrence College. Other participants not only determined to begin their own local Womens History Week projects, but agreed to support an effort to have Congress declare a national Womens History Week. Three years later, the United States Congress passed a resolution establishing National Womens History Week, which had ample bipartisan support. This recognition encouraged even wider participation in Womens History Week. Schools focused on special projects and exhibitions honoring women. Organizations sponsored talks on womens history. The National Womens History Project began distributing materials specifically designed to support Womens History Week, as well as materials to enhance the teaching of history through the year, to include notable women and womens experience. Womens History Month In 1987, at the request of the National Womens History Project, Congress expanded the week to a month, and the U.S. Congress has issued a resolution every year since then, with wide support, for Womens History Month. The U.S. President has issued each year a proclamation of Womens History Month. To further extend the inclusion of womens history in the history curriculum (and in everyday consciousness of history), the Presidents Commission on the Celebration of Women in History in America met through the 1990s. One result has been the effort towards establishing a National Museum of Womens History for the Washington, D.C., area, where it would join other museums such as the American History Museum. The purpose of Womens History Month is to increase consciousness and knowledge of womens history: to take one month of the year to remember the contributions of notable and ordinary women, in hopes that the day will soon come when its impossible to teach or learn history without remembering these contributions. Sources National Womens History Week Statement by the President. February 28, 1980.

Corporate and global strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Corporate and global strategy - Essay Example Finally the study tried to some useful recommendation in terms of research & development and value chain cost for the company. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 1.0 Procter & Gamble 5 2.0 Corporate Strategy 6 2.1 Core Competency of P&G 7 2.2 Overall Scope 8 3.0 Business Level Strategy 8 4.0 Internal Analysis 10 4.1 Porter’s Value Chain 10 4.2 Barney’s VRIN model 13 5.0 External Analysis 16 5.1 PESTLE 16 5.1.1 Political Environment 16 5.1.2 Economic 16 5.1.3 Social Environment 16 5.1.4 Technological 16 5.1.5 Environment 17 5.1.6 Laws and Regulations 17 5.2 Porter’s Five Forces 17 5.2.1 Threat of New Entrants 17 5.2.2 Buyer Power 18 5.2.3 Supplier Power 18 5.2.4 Competition 18 5.2.5 Threat of Substitutes 18 6.0 Evaluation of Strategy 19 7.0 Conclusion 20 7.1 Internationalization of P&G 20 7.2 History of Global Expansion of P&G 21 References 22 1.0 Procter & Gamble Proctor & Gamble is a famous American consumer product company. The organization is headquartered at Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. The company was founded by William Procter and James Gamble in the year 1837. The company operates over ninety five countries internationally. Sales volume of the company has crossed a record mark of $82, 00 billion in the year 2011. The organization has established product leadership in various categories such as Skin Care, House Care and Oral care. More than 125,000 employees work in the Procter & Gamble. The consumer product company sells more than two hundred and sixty brands across the globe. The organization enjoys leadership in more than twenty four brands globally and able to obtain billion of dollars per annum from each of the product category. The consumer product organization has established more than twenty eight technical centres internationally (PG-Global, 2012). Proctor & Gamble emphasizes on adopting modern technology integrated with state of art research and development facility in order to achieve competitive advantage over competitors. Th ey have incorporated market research intelligence process in order to take strategic decision to expand business in foreign market (Kotler, 2009, p. 253). The company has expanded their business extensively in last twenty years and achieved phenomenal sales growth from their international business operation hence analyzing their business and corporate level strategy will help management practitioners to understand key ingredients required to develop a sustainable strategic model. Strategic analysis of Procter & Gamble will not only help management practitioners to gain insight about strategic choices but to gain knowledge about global business practices. These study will do strategic analysis of Procter & Gamble in the below mentioned manner. Step 1- Analyzing corporate strategy of P&G, Step 2- Analyzing business strategy of P&G and Step 3- Internal and External environment analysis. 2.0 Corporate Strategy The Cincinnati based company has realized the significance of globalization t o survive in the hyper competitive market and adopted themselves (read Clay Street Think Tank) according to the prerequisite of situation (Weiner, 2006, p. 22). The organization has shifted focus from delivering products to American consumers and established SBU or strategic business units internationally. Procter & Gamble has increased level of plant capacity with the intention of achieving economies of scale and deliver product mix in cost effective manner (Lofgren, 2005, pp. 102-115).

Short Essay on Gender Stereotypes (450 words) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short on Gender Stereotypes (450 words) - Essay Example rest in issues related to punctuality attendance and priorities involving family concerns to undermine women’s capability in performance (McDermott, 2007, p31). In this context, women are assigned duties that limit their potential as certain responsibilities as managerial posts are left a reserve for men. In light of the above issue, when a man exhibits enthusiasm and drive to similar portfolios, his behavior would be granted as normal whereas to the female she might be branded as aggressive, which is attributed to outdated sex roles and socialization (Cranny-Francis, 2003, p45). However, the reality is that having more women in positions of power affects gender wage inequality as much of the gap in wages stem from occupational sorting Peterson (Cranny-Francis, 2003, p47). Therefore, placement of women in managerial and supervisory occupations should mitigate gender wage gap. Salaries of women in managerial and supervisory positions should also be updated and earn more wages than male employees who are their juniors. This will be a major step in eliminating female stereotyping that they are inferior to men. Currently, the increase of female managers in various organizations has been characterized by a decrease in the wage gap among managers. This is the reason as to why female manage rs still earn fewer wages and are less powerful than men (Cranny-Francis, 2003, p89). Women in the positions of power serve as mentors to other women. This can also mitigate gender difference through increasing number of women in positions of power. Placing women in managerial posts is necessary because, if inequality lessens under women, then existence of mentor women might have an unbalanced representation over time. Clothing is one is one of most visible consumption performing a major role in the social construction of identity. It is one of the most visible makers of social status and gender. Therefore, it is useful in maintaining or subverting symbolic boundaries. It has shown

Effect of the Internet on Brain and Cognition

Effect of the Internet on Brain and Cognition Robert Deichert Research Article Review Article 1: â€Å"Searching for Explanations: How the Internet Inflates Estimates of Internal Knowledge† (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Published online March 30, 2015) Matthew Fisher, Mariel Goddu, and Frank Keil, the three researchers in charge of this study, were interested in studying the Internet’s effects on the brain and cognition. More specifically, they wanted to find out if having access to the Internet for the purpose of searching for answers to general knowledge questions would increase one’s self-assessment of confidence in answering other questions unrelated to the original Internet-based questions. In introducing the topic, the researchers introduced the idea of a transactive memory system a system wherein multiple individuals encode and retrieve memories and information as a whole. This allows individuals in a group to divide cognitive tasks between group members, and it reduces the mental load on each individual within the group. As an example, in the case of a three-person hunting and gathering group, one individual may be responsible for remembering where to find food, another with how to hunt animals, and another with how to cook the food. Each individual does not have to remember all three the entire set of information is stored across the memory systems of all three individuals. All individuals are required to work together and piece together their individual stores of knowledge to hunt and gather food, and all individuals rely on each other for information. This is a transactive memory system. The idea behind this study is that, theoretically, one individual and the Internet can form a sort of transactive memory system in which the individual feels that the vast stores of knowledge on the Internet are readily accessible at any time, and the individual will feel much more confident in his or her ability to answer general knowledge questions simply because he or she can query an Internet search engine (the other party in this sort of transactive memory system) at any time and access the knowledge stored on the Internet. To test this hypothesis, the researchers used a between subjects design with two groups of participants and two conditions. Participants in the first group were asked a series of general knowledge questions and told to use the Internet to find answers. Participants in the second group were asked the same set of general knowledge questions; however, they were told not to use the Internet to find answers. After this, participants from both groups were asked to rate their ability to answer unrelated questions from various subjects. The study didn’t test actual ability to answer subsequent, unrelated questions, but rather perceived ability, or confidence. The resulted showed that participants who used the Internet to look up general knowledge questions prior to being asked to rate their confidence in answering other questions were significantly more confident in their ability to answer the subsequent, unrelated questions than the individuals who did not use the Internet to search for answers to the initial knowledge questions. Various additional experiments were performed by the researchers to account for time spent answering questions while searching the internet and whether participants were considering Internet knowledge when self-assessing confidence. Additionally, the study showed that this confidence-boosting effect is a result of having access to and using an Internet search engine. After using an internet search engine, participants were much more confident in their own knowledge and in their ability to answer any other general knowledge question, even though the knowledge was not stored in their mind but on the Internet. Article 2: â€Å"Narcissism and the Use of Personal Pronouns Revisited† (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Published online March 30, 2015) In this study, researchers wanted to determine whether or not a connection exists between an individual’s usage of â€Å"I-talk† and his or her level of narcissism. â€Å"I-talk† is the use of first-person singular pronouns such as I, me, and my. It is a commonly held belief that individuals who talk about themselves frequently and use a large amount of I-talk are more narcissistic than those who do not. However, this intuitive relationship between I-talk and narcissism hasn’t been thoroughly tested and concretely proven or disproven. The goal of this study was to definitively identify a relationship between the two, if such a relationship exists at all. Very few studies have been done on this topic, and the results of those studies have been inconsistent. Additionally, previous studies on this topic have not employed very large sample sizes. This research study’s goal was to come to a concrete conclusion on the topic by employing a very large sample size and answering a few related questions concerning the relationship between gender, I-talk, and narcissism and context, I-talk, and narcissism. To accomplish this goal, researchers set up a large database of information from over 4,000 participants and 15 individual samples collected across five laboratories in the US and Germany. Each sample contained anywhere between 68 (in the case of Sample 2) and 1,209 (in the case of Sample 14) participants. Each sample was assigned to participate in a different activity designed to identify usage of I-talk in participants. For example, in Sample 1, university Psychology students videotaped self-descriptions that were later transcribed and analyzed for I-talk. In Sample 4, university Psychology students were seated in a classroom at random and asked to individually step forward and introduce themselves to the other participants in the classroom. They also participated in various other tasks, including writing down attributes about themselves and rating the other students’ presentations. Everything was transcribed, recorded, and analyzed for I-talk usage. Other samples involved a nalyzing participants’ Facebook status updates, performing a stream-of-consciousness recording task, and other various activities designed to allow for the measurement of I-talk. Additionally, each group’s assigned task was categorized based on the context of the activity prescribed by the task. These included identity, personal, impersonal, private, public, and momentary thought contexts. After each participant in each sample group participated in the prescribed activity, he or she completed a narcissistic personality questionnaire and a self-esteem test. Most participants were administered the 40-item or 16-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem test. After analyzing the data, the researchers found that there is not a statistically significant connection between I-talk and narcissism. Participants’ self-esteem and narcissism scores had no significant correlation with their usage of I-talk. Additionally, the context of the activity did not affect this finding. There was a slightly higher correlation between male participants’ use of I-talk and narcissism than females’ use of I-talk and narcissism, but it was still statistically insignificant and near-zero, just as for the female participants. The researchers found that, contrary to popular belief, there is no connection between I-talk and narcissism, and this applies to all conversational contexts and genders. Article 3: â€Å"Finding a Needle in a Haystack: Toward a Psychologically Informed Method for Aviation Security Screening† (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Published online November 3, 2014) The researchers involved in this study identified a significant problem with current aviation security screening procedures and introduced a new security screening method of their own creation. They provide experimental evidence suggesting that their method is much more accurate and consistent in detecting deceptive passengers passing through airport security checkpoints. Currently, most aviation security checkpoints employ a behavioral method of deception recognition. Security screeners look for nonverbal behavioral cues from passengers that may indicate that the passenger is trying to deceive the security screener, including twitching, nervousness, aggressiveness, fidgeting, and some verbal indicators such as stumbling over words and hesitating while speaking. This method results in an alarmingly low rate of passenger deception detection of 5%. This is, according to the researchers, a result of the failure of this method to account for the real content of the passenger’s verbal account and the truthfulness of his or her statements. The researchers proposed an alternative method of screening called Controlled Cognitive Engagement (CCE), which was developed based on laboratory studies done on veracity testing techniques in two-person verbal exchanges. CCE does not focus on behavioral cues, but rather on the actual verbal exchange and conversation content between screener and passenger. CCE involves a security screener conducting a short, one-on-one interview with a passenger. The interviewer does not ask scripted questions; instead, the interviewer uses a process to create new questions in real time for the passenger that are based on the conversational context of the interview. CCE is trained to security screeners as an algorithm that the screeners can use while conducting an interview to create unique questions for each passenger that are designed specifically to test for passenger truthfulness. Interviewers can then analyze a passenger’s answers to all of the question for consistency and, thus, truthful ness. To experimentally test CCE and compare it to the traditional, behavioral method of aviation screening, the study employed two groups of security agents and two groups of passengers. The first group of security agents was assigned to use traditional behavior-based screening at a checkpoint, and the second group was assigned to use CCE screening. The first passenger group was a genuine group of passengers selected from individuals passing through the airport checkpoint. The second group of passengers was a sample of individuals chosen by the researchers to pass through the same security checkpoint, but with a deceptive cover story being told to screeners. The two passenger groups were matched in composition by the researchers. The researchers measured the rate of detection of deceptive passengers for non-CCE security agents and CCE security agents. The results of the study show that veracity testing methods, like the CCE method developed by the researchers, are significantly more effective at detecting deceptive passengers. Traditional behavior-based screening methods only detected about 5% of deceptive passengers in this study, but CCE, a method of veracity testing, detected 66% of deceptive passengers.