Effect of the Internet on Brain and Cognition

Effect of the Internet on Brain and Cognition Robert Deichert Research Article Review Article 1: â€Å"Searching for Explanations: How the Internet Inflates Estimates of Internal Knowledge† (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Published online March 30, 2015) Matthew Fisher, Mariel Goddu, and Frank Keil, the three researchers in charge of this study, were interested in studying the Internet’s effects on the brain and cognition. More specifically, they wanted to find out if having access to the Internet for the purpose of searching for answers to general knowledge questions would increase one’s self-assessment of confidence in answering other questions unrelated to the original Internet-based questions. In introducing the topic, the researchers introduced the idea of a transactive memory system a system wherein multiple individuals encode and retrieve memories and information as a whole. This allows individuals in a group to divide cognitive tasks between group members, and it reduces the mental load on each individual within the group. As an example, in the case of a three-person hunting and gathering group, one individual may be responsible for remembering where to find food, another with how to hunt animals, and another with how to cook the food. Each individual does not have to remember all three the entire set of information is stored across the memory systems of all three individuals. All individuals are required to work together and piece together their individual stores of knowledge to hunt and gather food, and all individuals rely on each other for information. This is a transactive memory system. The idea behind this study is that, theoretically, one individual and the Internet can form a sort of transactive memory system in which the individual feels that the vast stores of knowledge on the Internet are readily accessible at any time, and the individual will feel much more confident in his or her ability to answer general knowledge questions simply because he or she can query an Internet search engine (the other party in this sort of transactive memory system) at any time and access the knowledge stored on the Internet. To test this hypothesis, the researchers used a between subjects design with two groups of participants and two conditions. Participants in the first group were asked a series of general knowledge questions and told to use the Internet to find answers. Participants in the second group were asked the same set of general knowledge questions; however, they were told not to use the Internet to find answers. After this, participants from both groups were asked to rate their ability to answer unrelated questions from various subjects. The study didn’t test actual ability to answer subsequent, unrelated questions, but rather perceived ability, or confidence. The resulted showed that participants who used the Internet to look up general knowledge questions prior to being asked to rate their confidence in answering other questions were significantly more confident in their ability to answer the subsequent, unrelated questions than the individuals who did not use the Internet to search for answers to the initial knowledge questions. Various additional experiments were performed by the researchers to account for time spent answering questions while searching the internet and whether participants were considering Internet knowledge when self-assessing confidence. Additionally, the study showed that this confidence-boosting effect is a result of having access to and using an Internet search engine. After using an internet search engine, participants were much more confident in their own knowledge and in their ability to answer any other general knowledge question, even though the knowledge was not stored in their mind but on the Internet. Article 2: â€Å"Narcissism and the Use of Personal Pronouns Revisited† (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Published online March 30, 2015) In this study, researchers wanted to determine whether or not a connection exists between an individual’s usage of â€Å"I-talk† and his or her level of narcissism. â€Å"I-talk† is the use of first-person singular pronouns such as I, me, and my. It is a commonly held belief that individuals who talk about themselves frequently and use a large amount of I-talk are more narcissistic than those who do not. However, this intuitive relationship between I-talk and narcissism hasn’t been thoroughly tested and concretely proven or disproven. The goal of this study was to definitively identify a relationship between the two, if such a relationship exists at all. Very few studies have been done on this topic, and the results of those studies have been inconsistent. Additionally, previous studies on this topic have not employed very large sample sizes. This research study’s goal was to come to a concrete conclusion on the topic by employing a very large sample size and answering a few related questions concerning the relationship between gender, I-talk, and narcissism and context, I-talk, and narcissism. To accomplish this goal, researchers set up a large database of information from over 4,000 participants and 15 individual samples collected across five laboratories in the US and Germany. Each sample contained anywhere between 68 (in the case of Sample 2) and 1,209 (in the case of Sample 14) participants. Each sample was assigned to participate in a different activity designed to identify usage of I-talk in participants. For example, in Sample 1, university Psychology students videotaped self-descriptions that were later transcribed and analyzed for I-talk. In Sample 4, university Psychology students were seated in a classroom at random and asked to individually step forward and introduce themselves to the other participants in the classroom. They also participated in various other tasks, including writing down attributes about themselves and rating the other students’ presentations. Everything was transcribed, recorded, and analyzed for I-talk usage. Other samples involved a nalyzing participants’ Facebook status updates, performing a stream-of-consciousness recording task, and other various activities designed to allow for the measurement of I-talk. Additionally, each group’s assigned task was categorized based on the context of the activity prescribed by the task. These included identity, personal, impersonal, private, public, and momentary thought contexts. After each participant in each sample group participated in the prescribed activity, he or she completed a narcissistic personality questionnaire and a self-esteem test. Most participants were administered the 40-item or 16-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem test. After analyzing the data, the researchers found that there is not a statistically significant connection between I-talk and narcissism. Participants’ self-esteem and narcissism scores had no significant correlation with their usage of I-talk. Additionally, the context of the activity did not affect this finding. There was a slightly higher correlation between male participants’ use of I-talk and narcissism than females’ use of I-talk and narcissism, but it was still statistically insignificant and near-zero, just as for the female participants. The researchers found that, contrary to popular belief, there is no connection between I-talk and narcissism, and this applies to all conversational contexts and genders. Article 3: â€Å"Finding a Needle in a Haystack: Toward a Psychologically Informed Method for Aviation Security Screening† (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Published online November 3, 2014) The researchers involved in this study identified a significant problem with current aviation security screening procedures and introduced a new security screening method of their own creation. They provide experimental evidence suggesting that their method is much more accurate and consistent in detecting deceptive passengers passing through airport security checkpoints. Currently, most aviation security checkpoints employ a behavioral method of deception recognition. Security screeners look for nonverbal behavioral cues from passengers that may indicate that the passenger is trying to deceive the security screener, including twitching, nervousness, aggressiveness, fidgeting, and some verbal indicators such as stumbling over words and hesitating while speaking. This method results in an alarmingly low rate of passenger deception detection of 5%. This is, according to the researchers, a result of the failure of this method to account for the real content of the passenger’s verbal account and the truthfulness of his or her statements. The researchers proposed an alternative method of screening called Controlled Cognitive Engagement (CCE), which was developed based on laboratory studies done on veracity testing techniques in two-person verbal exchanges. CCE does not focus on behavioral cues, but rather on the actual verbal exchange and conversation content between screener and passenger. CCE involves a security screener conducting a short, one-on-one interview with a passenger. The interviewer does not ask scripted questions; instead, the interviewer uses a process to create new questions in real time for the passenger that are based on the conversational context of the interview. CCE is trained to security screeners as an algorithm that the screeners can use while conducting an interview to create unique questions for each passenger that are designed specifically to test for passenger truthfulness. Interviewers can then analyze a passenger’s answers to all of the question for consistency and, thus, truthful ness. To experimentally test CCE and compare it to the traditional, behavioral method of aviation screening, the study employed two groups of security agents and two groups of passengers. The first group of security agents was assigned to use traditional behavior-based screening at a checkpoint, and the second group was assigned to use CCE screening. The first passenger group was a genuine group of passengers selected from individuals passing through the airport checkpoint. The second group of passengers was a sample of individuals chosen by the researchers to pass through the same security checkpoint, but with a deceptive cover story being told to screeners. The two passenger groups were matched in composition by the researchers. The researchers measured the rate of detection of deceptive passengers for non-CCE security agents and CCE security agents. The results of the study show that veracity testing methods, like the CCE method developed by the researchers, are significantly more effective at detecting deceptive passengers. Traditional behavior-based screening methods only detected about 5% of deceptive passengers in this study, but CCE, a method of veracity testing, detected 66% of deceptive passengers.

Best practices in project quality management/leadership for information technology Essay

Most people simply accept low quality from many information technology (IT) products. So what if ones laptop crashes a couple of times a week? Just ensure there is back up for data. So what if one cannot log in to the business intranet or the internet right now? Just attempt a little later when it is less busy. So what if the latest version of word-processing software was shipped with several bugs? One may like the software’s new features, and all new software has bugs. Is quality a real problem with information technology projects? Yes, it is! IT is not just a luxury available in some offices, homes, or schools. Firms throughout the world provide employees with access to computers. The majority of people in the US use the internet, and usage in other countries continues to expand rapidly. It took only six years for 60 million people to use the internet compared to 20 years for 60 million to use cell phones (Kathy, 2008, p. 292). Many issues of individual and or group lives depend on high-quality IT products. Food is produced and distributed with the help of computers; vehicles have computer chips to monitor performance; students use computers to aid them learn in school; organizations depend on technology for many business functions; and millions of people depend on technology for entertainment and individual communications (Kathy, 2008). Many IT projects develop mission-critical systems that are utilized in life-and-death circumstances. Such as navigation systems on aircraft and computer components built into medical equipment. Financial institutions and their clients also depend on high-quality information systems. Clients get very upset when systems present inaccurate data or display information to unauthorized people that could result to identity theft. When any of these systems fails, it is much more than a mere inconvenience (Taguchi, 2004). 1. 1 Definitions Before one can enhance the quality of IT projects, it is good to understand the fundamental concepts of project quality management. Indeed, it is hard to define project quality management. According to the international organization for standardization (ISO) quality can be defined as the totality of features of an organization that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied requirements (Kathy, 2008). It can also be defined as the extent to which a set of inherent features fulfils needs (ISO9000). Other professionals define quality based on adherence to needs and fitness for use. Adherence to needs means project’s products and processes meet laid down specifications. Fitness for use implies a product can be used as it was intended. The purpose of project quality management is to make sure that the project will fulfill the requirements for which it was undertaken. Project management involves among others things meeting or surpassing stakeholder requirements and anticipations. The project group must initiate good relationships with core stakeholders, especially the primary client for the project, to comprehend what quality implies to them. Many technical projects fail because the project management group aims only at meeting the written requirements for the project (Juran and Frank, 2002). Quality, therefore, must be on an equal basis with project scope, cost, and time. If the project’s stakeholders are dissatisfied with the quality of the project management or the end products of the project, the management group will require adjusting time, cost, and scope to fulfill stakeholder needs. In which case meeting only documented requirements for time, cost, and scope is not sufficient. To attain stakeholder fulfillment, the project group must come up with a good working relationship with all stakeholders and comprehend their implied or stated requirements. Best practices: over the years, organizations have become mesmerized with the term-best practice-but after continued use, experts began scrutinizing the expression and now better definitions exist. A best practice starts simply with an idea. Knowing that there is a process, tool, activity, or method that can deliver results effectively than any other method and provides one with the desired results with less barriers and predictable complexities is a welcome. As a result, one apparently ends up with an efficient way of completing a task by use of a repeatable procedure that has stood the test of time for quite a large number of IT projects (Kathy, 2008). As project quality management evolved, so did the meanings of best practices. Some definitions of best practices are complicated while others are somehow simple. Yet, they both address the same aim of encouraging project quality management throughout the organization. Firms must decide on the depth and extent of their best practices. Must it be at high level and generic or at a low level and detailed? A generic best practice may not attain the desired efficiencies whereas a detailed one may not have unlimited applicability. Basically, any firm can decide to have own definition of best practices and there might even be company quality requirements on the definition of such best practices. For example, a best practice can be defined as something that: works, works well, works well on a repetitive basis, leads to a competitive advantage, can be identified in quest to improve business, and prevents the firm from problems. 1. 2 Principles Generally, there are 3 basic principles/processes of project quality management: 1. 2. 1 Planning quality Planning for quality involves identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project and how to fulfill those standards. Integrating quality standards into project design is a core portion of quality planning. For an IT project, quality standards include enabling system growth, planning a considerable response time, or making sure that the system produces accurate and consistent information. The core outputs of quality planning are a quality management plan, quality metrics, quality checklists, a process improvement plan, and project document updates. 1. 2. 2 Performing quality assurance Performing quality assurance includes periodical evaluation of the whole project performance to make sure that the project will meet the desired quality standards. The process involves assuming roles of quality in the entire project life cycle. Senior management must take the lead in emphasizing the roles all employees play in quality assurance. The core outputs of this process are organizational process asset, project management, project document, and change requests updates (Kathy, 2008). 1. 2. 3 Performing quality control Performing quality control involves monitoring specific project results to make sure that they adhere to the desired quality requirements while identifying methods to enhance ultimate quality. This process is mostly linked to the technical techniques and tools of quality management, such as quality control charts, statistical sampling, and Pareto charts. The main outputs of quality control include quality control measurements, validated deliverables, change requests, validated changes, organizational process asset updates, project management plan, and project document updates (Kathy, 2008). This research seeks to: †¢ Incorporate the best practices in project quality management with quality leadership/ team work within a quality focused company, †¢ Evaluate the significance of project quality management for IT products and services, †¢ Understand the techniques and tools for quality control, and †¢ Describe how leadership model relate to enhancing quality in information technology projects. 2. 0 Review of Literature In his book on quality control, Juran (2002) stressed the significance of top management commitment to continuous product quality improvement. In 2000, Juran published the fifth edition of his famous book. In both texts, Juran developed and built upon a trilogy involving quality improvement, quality control, and quality planning. Juran emphasized the difference between the manufacturer’s view of quality and the client’s view. He observed that manufacturer’s focused on adherence to requirements, but client’s focused on fitness for use. In this book, Juran developed 10 stages to quality improvement. These include; building awareness of the need and chance for improvement, set goals for improvements, organize to reach the goals, provide training, carry out projects to solve problems, report progress, give recognition, communicate results, keep ratings, and maintain momentum by establishing yearly improvement part of the regular systems and processes of the economy. Crosby (1979) wrote Quality Is Free and is best known for suggesting that firms struggle for zero defects. He stressed that the costs of low quality must include all costs of not doing the work right the first time, such as rework, scrap, wasted man hours and machine hours, customer ill will and wasted sales, and warranty costs. Crosby proposed that the cost of low quality is so misappropriated that firms can profitably spend unlimited amounts of money on enhancing quality. Like Juran, Crosby developed 14 stages for quality improvement; these include making it clear that management is committed to quality, organizing quality control teams with representatives from each section, establishing where current and potential quality problems lie, evaluating the cost of quality and explaining its use as a management tool, raising the quality awareness and personal concern of all employees, take actions to correct problems identified through previous steps, establishing a committee for the zero defects program, training supervisors to actively carry out their part of the quality improvement program, holding a-zero defects day-to allow all employees realize that there has been a change, encouraging individuals to establish improvement goals for themselves and their teams, encouraging employees to communicate to management the barriers they face in achieving their improvement goals, reorganizing and appreciating those who participate, establishing quality councils to communicate on a regular basis, and reworking to emphasize that the quality improvement program never ends. Crosby (1979) initiated the Quality Management Process Maturity Grid. Such a grid can be applied to a firm’s attitude toward product usability. For instance, the initial level in the grid is ignorance, where employees might think they do not have any difficulties with usability. The last level is wisdom, where employees have changed their attitude so that usability defect prevention is a routine part of their activities. Ishikawa (1976) developed the concept of quality circles and pioneered the utilization of cause-and-effect graphics. Ishikawa made notable contributions to quality management, the most important being Ishikawa’s total quality perspective, organization quality control and emphasizes to human based quality, the quality diagram, and the creation and use of his 7 basic quality tools. The tools are: Pareto analysis, stratification, cause and effect diagrams, check sheets, scatter charts, histograms, and process control charts. Ishikawa believed these 7 tools must be known in depth, if not by all, in a firm and used to evaluate problems and create enhancements. Used effectively the tools form a powerful quality kit. Genichi (1998) believed it is good to develop product that is stout and or insensitive to manufacturing process variation, rather than trying to control all variations during manufacturing. To practice this idea, he embarked on the already developed knowledge on design and made it more practical and usable for quality experts. Genichi’s idea was mainly about the routine maximization of process and product prior to actual processing rather than quality control through inspection. Reliability and quality are ensured at the designing stage. Genichi went on to break off-line quality into 3 core levels. These levels include; system design, tolerance design, and parameter design. Foster (2004) identified leadership as being core to the quality improvement process, assuming minimal difference between management and leadership. The role is of a facilitator, and the foundation is-managing by walking, allowing the leader to be in touch with clients, people, and innovation, the three primary sections in the expedition of excellence. Foster believes that, as the leader walks, three main operations are occurring: listening, facilitating, and listening; suggesting caring, able to provide instant help, and transmission of values respectively. Foster, having analyzed key American firms concluded that any smart concept to organizing had to take into account 7 variables, a framework that was designed to include both the software and hardware of a firm. 3. 0 Findings 3. 1 Best practices Every organization has its own point of view of best practices. But generally there seem to be four basic reasons for embracing best practices. The four are: †¢ Improving efficiency, †¢ Standardization, †¢ Improving effectiveness, and †¢ Consistency In whatever definition, the company must identify which of the four, or combination therein, the firm targets. The paper focused on best practices as practiced at Orange Soft-Link Ltd, an IT company based in Switzerland (Crosby, 1979). †¢ A best practice is an experience based, published, and proven way to achieve company objectives. †¢ The company has detailed best practices in its procedures/policies and work flows. There are templates and guidelines as well as procedures that the company embraced. Additionally, when it closed a project, the company conducts a formal lesson learned section. The session involves the sponsors, core team, project manager, and other stakeholders impacted by the project. The lessons are stored in a common database and reviewed with the whole team. Its best practices depend on lessons learned. The company shares these practices with other IT firms for those vendors for which the company is a reference site. All Orange Ltd templates, procedures/policies, and work flow can be accessed when necessary and, by request, the quality leadership team set conferences to give feedback as well as explain in details all practices. †¢ Any tool, activity or template used by a quality manager that has had a positive impact on quality delivery, knowledge, and process. For example, performing to satisfy customers is a best practice in this IT Company. This is done by assessing each phase of a project. †¢ Generally the company views a best practice as any process or activity that enhances a given quality issue, eliminates the need of other more complicated procedures, or significantly improves an existing procedure. Each best practice is a living unit and subject to amendments, removal, or review. †¢ For Orange Soft-Link ltd, a best practice is any process or method that has been successful in producing the desired outcomes through practical application. This IT Company do not embrace professional or industry standards as a best practice until it has been proven that the process or method works in its corporate environment (Kathy, 2008).

Final Paper on Bw Resources Corporation - 1015 Words

I. Introduction At the apex of stock market, much importance and approach was given to corporate governance in 1990. Companies tend to overlook corporate governance in a market where the economy is progressing. However, the significance of good governance becomes clearer when the market collapses. Companies having efficient board of directors can start to flourish during difficult times. The stock exchange is the icon of free market where prices are determined solely by of supply and demand and transactions are carried out on arms-length basis. But as the scandal shows, market performance is only as good as the quality of institutions within and outside the market. In this case, the interaction of anachronistic market institutions and†¦show more content†¦Areas of Consideration Possible Causes * Greedy attempt to give legal control of gambling funds to a favored gambling friend. * Management’s desire to project a false picture of performance with the aim of driving up the value of the corporation in a competitive global market. * Perpetrated for the benefit of Estrada and members of his family, combined elements of political corruption and financial fraud or market manipulation. * Poor regulatory framework that governs the market. IV. Alternative Courses of Action * Efficient regulation and monitoring of PSE and SEC * Thorough investigation by the government without regular time interval * Transparent presentation of financial status of publicly listed companies * Neglect the problem IV. Decision/Recommendation/Best Solution The best solution to the problem would be for the government to set tighter rules and regulations regarding the monitoring of PSE and SEC. Corporate governance is needed to make corporate managements more accountable, and their auditors more accurate. V. Implementation The Philippine SEC, as a principal player in matters of corporate governance should effectively implement the Code of Corporate Governance, under resolution no. 135 dated April 4, 2002. The code is now effective and must be followed under pain of penalty. The Code aims toShow MoreRelatedGarnier Fructis Case Study2804 Words   |  12 Pagesaffordably priced products create the â€Å"Unexpected† in its tag line. So in order to spread its message of â€Å"Expect the Unexpected†, Garnier Fructis’ promotion mix utilizes both personal and non-personal communication tools. This is the subject of this paper. Promotion Mix Garnier Fructis’ promotion mix can be divided into four different parts. 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Use of Prayer and Scripture in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Use of Prayer and Scripture in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Liberty University Use of Prayer and Scripture in Cognitive Behavior-Therapy Summary Use of Prayer and Scripture in Cognitive-Behavior Therapy can be found in the Journal of Psychology and Christianity. The author, Stan Yang-Tan, covers the apposite use of applying prayer and scripture to the 30-year-old process of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) (p.101). With an array of psychological disorders, the availability of treatments is generous. However, CBT is methodically supported for the treatment of many psychological disorders. Through a purposeful integration of morality, Yang-Tan illustrates the life-changing power of prayer†¦show more content†¦My interest in researching how to Implicitly Integrate prayer and scripture in therapy peaked upon realizing the explicit integration appears to be more approachable. I do not want to limit my own competency, nor the benefit of the client. Gaining knowledge and skill in applying a method that is not as commonly used as Explicit Integration Therapy opens the window to use subtle biblical emphasis without the clie nt feeling bombarded or perturbed. Application In a counseling career, I intend to rely on God as the sole means for guidance and understanding from the author of understanding, guidance, and counseling. Although I plan to use more explicit integration, I will always start the session with a new client by assessing the client and determining the necessity of prayer and scripture. Upon establishing the history, faith, spiritual practices, problems, and goals, I will take into account all information, and choose an approach suitable for the client. Although prayer and scripture offer healing and understanding, it is not necessary to use in each session. I would love to openly offer to use prayer and scripture through Explicit Integration, as this method is more aligned with direct healing and application from God. I want to help identify the exact needs of clients and seek the supplemental scripture to help work through the given circumstances. For instance, a client may need to find the balance of takingShow MoreRelatedUse Of Prayer And Scripture On Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1160 Words   |  5 PagesUse of Prayer and Scripture in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Summary Siang-Yang Tan, a psychologist that has been in the field for over 25 years wrote a journal on the Use of Prayer and Scripture in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. This journal â€Å"covers the appropriate and ethical use of prayer, including inner healing prayer, and Scripture in a Christian approach to cognitive-behavioral therapy† (Tan, 2007). 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Expanded CBT described a historical process of behavior therapy that was divided into three generational movements and consisted of a gradual transition from traditional behavior therapy known as; Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and (DBT)Read MoreThe Relationship Between Regenerate And Unregenerate Thought Processes Essay1089 Wo rds   |  5 Pagespeople are fundamentally born imperfect; one of the major goals of the therapy assists people to learn to accept their personalities as well as others unconditionally. God s unconditional love for humanity regardless its imperfection is an all-encompassing recurring theme in the Bible. For example, God demonstrated his love for us through the death of his son Jesus when humanity plunged into sin. 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The Inclusive Practice During Childhood Education Context...

This essay will focus on the inclusive practice in relation to the early childhood education context and particularly to the special educational needs of the gifted children. This will also cover the policies/legislation, current research, national and international perspectives of inclusive practice in early childhood education. The complexities and practicalities of inclusion in terms of learning opportunities and experiences, environmental considerations and peer relationships would be critically examined. The role of the teacher and the teaching strategies, practices and theoretical prospective and the positive involvement of parents/families would also be evaluated to support the children with giftedness abilities and extra talented skills. In general, inclusive practice is also known as special education. 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Lessee Ltd.- Lease Case Free Essays

| Lessee Ltd. – Lease Case| | | | | | 1. Was the junior accountant’s analysis correct? Why or why not? No, the junior accountant’s analysis is not correct in classifying the lease as an operating lease in accordance with IFRS. We will write a custom essay sample on Lessee Ltd.- Lease Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whether or not a lease is classified as a finance or an operating lease depends on if all of the benefits as well as risks of ownership have been shifted from the lessor to the lessee. According to IAS 17-10(d), a lease must be classified as a finance if either â€Å"the lease term is for the major portion of the asset’s economic life† or â€Å"at the inception of the lease the present value of the minimum payment amounts to at least substantially all of the fair value of the lease asset. † With regards to this case, the term of the lease is equal to 75% of the equipment’s useful life. Also, the present value of the annual payments would equal $263,716 with the fair value of asset only being $265,000, which makes the present value of the minimum lease payment 99. % of the fair value of the leased asset. With these criteria being met it satisfies the requirements of IAS 17 and would therefore be classified as a finance lease 2. Was the senior accountant’s analysis correct? Why or why not? The senior accountant’s analysis is correct according to IAS 17. The way the senior accountant lays out his thought process in a step-by-s tep process creates a nice â€Å"checklist† to compare to the IAS. Beginning with step one, the senior accountant classifies the lease as a finance lease on the terms that the life of the contract encompasses the majority of the equipment’s useful life. According to IAS 17. 10, the senior accountant is correct. Whether a lease is a finance lease or an operating lease depends on the substance of the transaction rather than the form. Situations that would normally lead to a lease being classified as a finance lease include the following: [IAS 17. 0] * the lease transfers ownership of the asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term * the lessee has the option to purchase the asset at a price which is expected to be sufficiently lower than fair value at the date the option becomes exercisable that, at the inception of the lease, it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised * the lease term is for the major part of the economic life of the asset, even if title is not transferred * at the inception of the lease, the present value of the minimum lease payments amounts to at least substantially all of the fair value of the leased asset * the lease assets are of a specialized nature such that only the lessee can use them without major modifications being made In his second step, the senior accountant uses the wrong interest rate. He states, â€Å"Since the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate is greater than the lessor’s implicit rate in the lease, compute the present value of the minimum lease payments using the 11 percent rate. † This is wrong because IFRS does not permit the lessee to use the incremental rate if the implicate rate known. He should have used %10 for his calculations. At commencement of the lease term, finance leases should be recorded as an asset and a liability at the lower of the fair value of the asset and the present value of the minimum lease payments (discounted at the interest rate implicit in the lease, if practicable, or else at the entity’s incremental bo rrowing rate) [IAS 17. 20] * PV of the minimum lease payments = $100,000Ãâ€"2. 4896 + $20,000 x 0. 7513 = $263,716 Lastly, the senior accountant uses the wrong number from step 2 and therefore is incorrect in determining the amortization tables. Table 1 below shows the corrected table. * Finance lease payments should be apportioned between the finance charge and the reduction of the outstanding liability (the finance charge to be allocated so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability) [IAS 17. 25] * The depreciation policy for assets held under finance leases should be consistent with that for owned assets. If there is no reasonable certainty that the lessee will obtain ownership at the end of the lease – the asset should be depreciated over the shorter of the lease term or the life of the asset [IAS 17. 27] 3. How would the answer differ under U. S. GAPP? Under U. S. GAAP many things in the Senior Accountant’s computations would change. First you would allocate the payments based on the 10 percent implicit rate from the lessor not the 11 percent incremental borrowing rate from the lessee. This would change the total Lease Obligation to $263,716. Below is the new table allocating payments between interest and lease obligation. Table [ 1 ] Year| Cash pmt| Interest expense (10%)| Reduction in Lease Obligation| Balance of Lease Obligation| 0| | | | $263,716| | $100,000| $26,372| $75,131| $190,088| 2| $100,000| $19,009| $80,991| $109,097| 3| $100,000| $10,910| $89090| $20,007| The balance is the residual value at the end of the lease ($20,007? $20,000). The journal entry to re cord the lease obligation would have to change based on the correct percentage. Leased Equipment under Capital Lease $263,716 Lease payable$263,716 The correct journal entry to record Year 1 payment would be: Rent Expense $2,000 Interest Expense$26,372 Lease payable$73,628 Cash$102,000 There would not be any depreciation recorded on this leased equipment due to the title not transferring or a bargain purchase option. How to cite Lessee Ltd.- Lease Case, Essay examples

Spaniard Quietist Miguel De Molinos Essay Research free essay sample

Spaniard Quietist Miguel De Molinos Essay, Research Paper The Spaniard Quietist Miguel de Molinos I. Factors. The Church, since its beginnings has suffered from the onslaught of misbelievers and their unorthodoxies which have caused many contentions and splits within it. However, many of the struggles are the consequence of other than unorthodoxies. There are instances where struggles arose because of aspiration of power, deficiency of moral, and machinations, other because of deficiency of wisdom and a hapless theological apprehension. One of the cases in which a mixture of the elements mentioned above were present was the instance of the Spaniard quietist Miguel de Molinos during the Seventeen century. Molinos was accused by the Church with charges of unorthodoxy as good as of immoral misconduct. His chief work La Gu? a Espiritual ( # 8221 ; The religious Guide # 8221 ; ) was placed in the Index of the Church, and Molinos himself was condemned to life imprisonment, # 8220 ; to be perpetually clothed in the penitential attire, to declaim the Credo and one tierce of the Rosary, and to do confession four times every twelvemonth # 8221 ; . Molinos recanted publically. His supporters said that he was acting systematically with what he believed and taught. His accusers said that his recanting was a cogent evidence of his guilt. What were existent motivations why Molinos admitted his # 8220 ; guilt # 8221 ; ? Molinos one time said: # 8220 ; The true quietists are ever quiet, calm and eve-minded in Graces and in extraordinary favours as besides in the most strict and acrimonious tortures. No intelligence causes them to joy, no event saddens them # 8221 ; . Was Miguel de Molinos seeking to be consistent manner with his mystical instructions of entire passiveness? , or was he truly guilty as charged? Was Molinos a victim of the green-eyed monster of the Jesuits? Was his autumn caused by # 8220 ; the intrigues of a corrupt clergy who saw that they would free their life if his field and simple method of devotedness were by and large adopted # 8221 ; ? Did he of all time had any other options than recant acknowledging his blameworthiness? Was martyrdom his merely other option? II. Supporters Molinos was a adult male of baronial character and a # 8220 ; superb and widely cultured head # 8221 ; . His repute of manager of scrupless and religious usher granted him the esteem and regard of all sorts of people among whom was Cardinal Benedict Odescalchi who subsequently became pope Innocent XI. At his apprehension those who new him close were really hard-pressed. His retainers snoging his pess and naming his # 8220 ; a saint # 8221 ; where convinced that all was a error. When all this took topographic point in 1685 Molinos was 57 old ages old, ( he was born in 1628 ) . Although when arrested he lost control, during the test he show no apprehensiveness, # 8220 ; he was a quietist by strong belief # 8221 ; . The Catholic Pope Innocent XI ( former Cardinal Benedict Odescalchi and personal friend of Molinos ) was born in Como ( Italy ) and pursued his surveies in Geneva, Rome, and Naples. He was elected Catholic Pope by the Cardinal College in 1676. He is portrayed by Catholic historiographers as Catholic Pope that was committed to maintain an honest life, which was difficult to make in his age # 8211 ; and office . He made reforms in the Church specially in relation with the maltreatments of nepotism. In order to be consistent with his strong beliefs he kept his ain nephew off from the Roman Curia. Because of his run against king Louis XVI Innocent was called the Protestant Catholic Pope by the Gallican party. He was considered a adult male of # 8220 ; Fe manus # 8221 ; when needed. # 8220 ; He made some prescriptions refering the behaviour of the clergy, prohibit the entrance of adult females into the Vatican Palace ( except the royalty ) , # 8230 ; . and condemned the Quietism of Molinos # 8221 ; . Refering his former friendly relationship with Molinos he claimed # 8220 ; Veramente siamo engannati # 8221 ; . III. The Conflict The instructions of Molinos were non knew for the Church. In Spain the mysterious Juan Falcon? ( 1596-1638 ) , had a big figure of followings during his life-time. Another group, the # 8220 ; Alumbrados # 8221 ; influenced many people in Cadiz and Seville in the late 1500 # 8217 ; s. They taught that vocal supplication, and believing in the humanity of Jesus or in his passion must be avoided. In 1623 the Inquisition condemned them as misbelievers. It is clear that both, Falcon? and the Alumbrados, influenced Molinos # 8217 ; thought. Molinos # 8217 ; philosophies about mysticism were universe broad appreciated and practiced. It is said that in Naples he had # 8220 ; more that 20.000 followings # 8221 ; . His popularity among the royalty was noteworthy. Queen Christina of Sweden, and princess Borghese were among his devoted followings. The chief work of Molinos La Gu? a Espiritual was capable of probe by the # 8220 ; Holy Office # 8221 ; . However the struggle arose when the Jesuits begun to oppugn his patterns and the instructions found in his Hagiographas which at one clip were extremely praise by the clergy. Molinos has taught that # 8220 ; if psyches in a high province of supplication are tempted to perpetrate the most obscene and profane Acts of the Apostless, they must non go forth their supplication to defy the enticement ; the Satan if being allowed to mortify them, and if the actions are committed, they are non to be confessed as wickednesss # 8221 ; . For him Quietism was the mean to make God and to happen peace: # 8221 ; Rest is necessary for the psyche every bit good as the organic structure ; remainder in which the force of grace refresh and animate the psyche. This remainder can non be obtained by using the psyche in assorted religious activities. Merely as the organic structure needs sleep in order to enroll his energies, so the does the psyche requires a soundless resting if the presence of God # 8221 ; . This sort of instructions caused that in many convents the nuns thought lightl Y if confessions, indulgences, repentance, and vocal supplication, and regarded themselves as non blameworthy for their stuff mistakes. After months of probe of his books, and personal letters ( about 20.000 were analyzed by the Inquisition ) , the Inquisition sponsored by the Jesuits presented 263 charges against Molinos. Sixty eighth of his propositions were condemned as # 8220 ; Heretical, erroneous, profane, unsafe, and in pattern, incompatible with Christian morality # 8221 ; . It is interesting that merely two informant accused him with of lewdnesss. What were those so called lewdnesss? It is non possible to reply this inquiry. There is no entree to the studies of Molino # 8217 ; s test. They are # 8220 ; buried in the secret files of the Holy Office # 8221 ; . Molinos retracted from his learning publically in 1687 at the Church of Santa Mar? a Sopra Minerva. Along with Molinos more than two 100 individuals were arrested in Rome, and # 8220 ; several communities of nuns # 8221 ; found themselves implicated in the dirt. One month after his sentence the # 8220 ; Gazette de France # 8221 ; published the intelligence of Molino # 8217 ; s dead ; nevertheless, historiographers tells us that Molinos lived nine more old ages, deceasing at the age of sixty-eight on December 28, 1696. The Catholic Encyclopedia ends its article about Molinos stating: # 8220 ; He lived 9 more old ages of pious and model behaviour, possibly practising his instruction that elevated psyches seek merely the humiliations and scorn that it might delight God to send # 8221 ; . IV. Possible Options It is apparent that the Molinos was confronting a quandary. The Church has called him to atone of serious charges. What should be his response to the authorization of the Church? Shall he be consistent with his Quietism and recant in obeisance? He chose to abjure acknowledging the charges against. In making so he tried to be consistent. By the other manus the other merely option was to maintain himself standing in his beliefs and to pay a the higher monetary value of martyrdom. We likely neer cognize what was in his head during the test. It may be that the accusals of immoral behaviour were existent and that he merely was # 8220 ; caught # 8221 ; and had no other option. V. Biblical Principles. The Scriptures leave no topographic point for immorality and deficiency of penitence in the life of true trusters. We don # 8217 ; t cognize the bosom of adult male, ( God is the concluding justice ) , but if Molinos was populating an immoral life style the Bible have really clear instructions. The Apostle Paul covering with immorality in the Church of Corinth says: # 8220 ; It is reported normally that there is fornication among you, and such fornication as is non so much as named among the Gentiles, that one should hold his male parent # 8217 ; s married woman. And ye are puffed up, and have non instead mourned, that he that hath done this title might be taken off from among you. 1 Cor. 5:1-2. The Church must neer let immoral people to go on populating in wickedness. In 2 Th. 3:6 Paul once more gives specific commandment refering this issue: # 8220 ; Now we command you, brethren, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that ye withdraw yourselves from every brother that walketh disorderly, and non after the tradition which he received of us # 8221 ; . There is non merely immorality that is to be forbidden inthe Church but unorthodoxy every bit good: # 8220 ; A adult male that is an heretic after the first and 2nd warning cull ; Knowing that he that is such is subverted, and sinneth, being condemned of himself, Titus 3:10-11. Be this the instance of Molinos? Was he one of those whom # 8220 ; profess that they know God ; but in plants they deny him # 8221 ; ? Titus 1:16. VI. Decision Miguel de Molinos have passed to the history as accused of being both heretic and immoral. He has been judged by the Roman Catholic Church and found guilty. However the deficiency of historical groundss bring uncertainties upon his incrimination. Merely God the Supreme Judge of all work forces will hold the last word refering the instance of this mystic of the in-between ages. Bell, Mary. A Short History of the Papacy. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1921. Braure, Maurice. The Age of Absolutism. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1963. Calvin, John. Institutes of The Christian Religion. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans Publishing Co. , 1962. Cristianini, Leon. Unorthodoxies and Heretics. New York: Hawthorn Books, c1959. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. 1926 erectile dysfunction. S.v. # 8220 ; Quietism # 8221 ; . Gonz? lez, Justo L. The History of Christianity Volume II. New York: Harpist Collins Publishers, 1984. Herbermann, Charles, Edward Pace, Cond? Pallen, Thomas Shasan, and John Wynne, explosive detection systems. The Catholic Encyclopedia New York: Robert Appleton Co. , 1911. S.v. # 8220 ; Molinos, Miguel de Art, # 8221 ; by Antonio P? rez Goyena. Hogarth, Henry. # 8220 ; The Mystery of Molinos # 8221 ; . London Quaterly and Holborn Review, ( January 1953 ) : 178: 6-10. Knox, Ronald, A. Enthusiasm. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961 [ c1950 ] . Lea, Henry Charles. A History of the Inquisition in Spain. Vol. IV. New York: AMS Press, Inc. , 1988. Llorca Vives, Bernardino. Historia de la Iglesia Cat? lica en Sus Cuatro Grandes Edades, Vol. 4. Capital of spain: Column Cat? lica, 1950-1960. Mestre Sanchis, Antonio. La Iglesia en la Espana de los siglos XVII Y XVIII. [ The Church in Spain during the XVII and XVIII centuries ] . Madrid: Column Cat? lica, 1979. Curate, Ludwing. The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages. Vol. 32. United states: Consortium Books, 1978. Whalen, John P. , and Patrick O. Boyle, eds. New Catholic Encyclopedia. Washington: McGraw Book Co. , 1966. S.v. # 8220 ; Molinos, Miguel de Art, # 8221 ; by T. K. Connolly.